[23], If Byrd and Bennett did not reach the North Pole, then the first flight over the pole occurred a few days later, on May 12, 1926, with the flight of the airship Norge that flew from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) to Alaska nonstop with a crew including Roald Amundsen, Umberto Nobile, Oscar Wisting, and Lincoln Ellsworth. By the time IGY 19578 came around, the event had become a scientific Olympics of sorts, involving 60,000 scientistsfrom 67 countries in a worldwide enterprise of data collection, analysis, and exchange.38)Collis C & Dodds K (2008) Assault on the Unknown: The Historical and Political Geographies of International Geophysical Year (19578). After the Second World War, the U.S. considered establishing a claim in Antarctica. Doel R, Friedman R, Lajus J, Srlin S & Wrkberg U (2014) Strategic Arctic Science: National Interests in Building Natural KnowledgeInterwar Era Through the Cold War. The performance of duty of Rear Admiral Byrd was at all times in keeping with the highest traditions and reflected credit upon himself and the United States Naval Service. Additional bases were constructed throughout U.S. and Canadian Arctic territory.14)Doel R, Friedman R, Lajus J, Srlin S & Wrkberg U (2014) Strategic Arctic Science: National Interests in Building Natural KnowledgeInterwar Era Through the Cold War. On February 19, 1947, Admiral Richard E. Byrd left Base Camp Arctic and flew northward. Great heroism was displayed, especially by the men who lost their lives rescuing the wounded." The first International Geophysical Year ushered in a new age of collaborative multinational polar research that has continued unabated through the present day. . In August 1948, the United States proposed that Antarctica be under the guardianship of the United Nations, as a trust territory administered by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, the United States, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand. See Too Many Byrds (1949) 25 August, Box 206, Folder 7330, Byrd Papers. The support of the USSR and Chile for the Argentine proposal finally caused the United States to retract its opposition. [9][10] While serving in this position, he was commended by Brigadier General Charles W. Abbot, the adjutant general of Rhode Island, for making great strides in improving the efficiency of the militia, and on April 25, 1928, was promoted to captain by act of the Rhode Island General Assembly in recognition of his flight to the North Pole in 1926. This article was produced by the Reuters Fact Check team. Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Deputy Secretary of Defense Stephen T. Early (1949) 27 September, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers; Rose L (2008). This statement was made as part of a recapitulation of his own polar experience, in an exclusive interview with International News Service. The success of Operation Highjump prompted strategic planners to earmark the years 1947 to 1950 for the twin goals of ensuring the continuation of long range preparations for continuity of effort in the Antarctic and using gained knowledge to improve the usableness [sic] and logistic support of Greenland for military operations.20)Operation Highjump (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. Todays brewing tensions in the Arctic and Antarctica are nothing new. Their collective success initiated two decades of intermittent research and exploratory expeditions at earths extremes.8)Shackleton was most famous for conducting a daring rescue of his shipmates after their vessel, The Endurance, became trapped in the ice. It was not long before plans were in the works for another Antarctic Development ProjectOperation Highjump II. They had difficulty gaining enough altitude, and they had to dump empty gas tanks, as well as their emergency supplies, to achieve the altitude of the Polar Plateau, but they were ultimately successful.[34]. The earths polar regions have enjoyed a strategic resurgence over the past decade. Formula Alka; Guide Kentucky. In the autumn of 1917, he was sent to naval aviation school at Pensacola, Florida. 3 at Washington. [16], The 1996 release of Byrd's diary of the May 9, 1926, flight revealed erased (but still legible) sextant sights that sharply differ from Byrd's later June 22 typewritten official report to the National Geographic Society. The Arctic Institute, 27 July; Tavenier R (2021) Russia and the Arctic Council in 2021: A New Security Dilemma. In 1926 with Floyd Bennett as pilot, and Byrd, acting as navigator, he made the first . This hazardous flight was made under extreme conditions of cold, over ranges and plateaus extending nine to ten thousand feet above sea level and beyond probable rescue of personnel had a forced landing occurred. To finance and gain both political and public support for his expeditions, Byrd actively cultivated relationships with many powerful individuals, including President Franklin Roosevelt, Henry Ford, Edsel Ford, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and Vincent Astor. Convinced civilian policymakers were failing to grasp the security implications of such an expedition, Russias successful detonation of its own atomic bomb during the prospective operations review only sharpened Byrds claim for the need of a more proactive polar national security policy.23)Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Deputy Secretary of Defense Stephen T. Early (1949) 27 September, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers; Rose L (2008) Explorer, 43132. Modern War Institute, 6 January; Bateman S (2012) Strategic Competition and Emerging Security Risks: Will Antarctica Remain Demilitarised? Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd (1888 - 1957) Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Jr., USN was a pioneering American aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics. By the time he died, Byrd had amassed 22 citations and special commendations, nine of which were for bravery and two for extraordinary heroism in saving the lives of others. His words serve as a timely reminder that strategic competition at one end of the earth is almost always intricately bound to the other. The article says: Thanks to a source who wishes to remain nameless, we had the opportunity to view a large and compelling image collection of never before seen and highly top secret photos from Byrds many missions. He was assigned state membership number 605 and national membership number 50430. However, the financial backing for Byrds second operation failed to materialize. [6], Various international conflicts motivated the creation of an agreement for the Antarctic. This suggestion has been challenged by Dennis Rawlins, who adds that the sextant data in the long-unavailable original official typewritten report are all expressed to 1 second, a precision not possible on Navy sextants of 1926 and not the precision of the sextant data in Byrd's diary for 1925 or the 1926 flight, which was normal (half or quarter of a minute of arc). Frustrated by parochial American strategic polar planning confined to the Alaskan theater of operations, he argued that with the technological inroads made during Highjump I, the use of Greenlands ice cap for military and civil occupation was no longer a pipedream. Byrd spent only one week in the Antarctic, and started his return to the United States on February 3, 1956. On March 31, 1934, during a regularly scheduled broadcast, Admiral Byrd was awarded the CBS Medal for Distinguished Contribution to Radio. He was a descendant of one of the First Families of Virginia. While most histories of the Cold Wars polar dimensions focus on Arctic developments, this article illustrates the concomitant and symbiotic relationship of American Antarctic expeditions that, it was hoped, would enhance American polar capabilities in the advent of war with the USSR. ", "Treaty between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic on cooperation in the maritime areas adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories (TAAF), Heard Island and the McDonald Islands (Canberra, 24 November 2003) ATS 6 of 2005, "Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement of Fisheries Laws between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic in the Maritime Areas Adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories, Heard Island and the McDonald Islands (Paris, 8 January 2007) ATS 1 of 2011, "Welcome to the Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty Website", "Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty: Parties", "Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty", United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, "The Antarctic Treaty System: Introduction", "Czech Republic: Succession to Antarctic Treaty", "Papua New Guinea: Succession to Antarctic Treaty", "Russia: Ratification to Antarctic Treaty", "Slovakia: Succession to Antarctic Treaty", Department of International Relations and Cooperation, "Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen", "Australian Antarctic Division Australian environmental law and guidelines". Testing military gear in controlled cold-weather conditions was not enough; long-term polar projects were necessary to develop the ways and means of carrying out necessary operations in the Arctic.29)Draft, Presentation to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the Value of Operation Highjump II to National Defense (Undated) Box 206, Folder 7331, Byrd Papers. [34], The law of the United States, including certain criminal offences by or against U.S. nationals, such as murder, may apply to areas not under jurisdiction of other countries. The men remained at Advance Base until October 12. when an airplane from the base camp picked up Dr. Poulter and Byrd. The Antarctic Treaty's Diamond Anniversary The Antarctic Sun. It was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War, setting aside the continent as a scientific preserve, establishing freedom of scientific investigation, and banning military activity; for the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all the land and ice shelves south of 60S latitude. There, strategic rivals increasingly assert territorial claims, contend for natural resources, and expand their scientific influence at earths southern extreme.3)Feiger L & Wilson M (2020) The Countries Taking Advantage of Antarctica During the Pandemic. Admiral Byrd was one of the most highly decorated officers in the history of the United States Navy. [35] By way of comparison, none of his Annapolis classmates became admirals until 1942, after 30 years of commissioned service. These laws generally apply only to their own citizens, wherever they are in Antarctica, and serve to enforce the consensus decisions of the consultative parties: about which activities are acceptable, which areas require permits to enter, what processes of environmental impact assessment must precede activities, and so on. Byrd commanded the aviation unit of the arctic expedition to North Greenland led by Donald B. MacMillan from June to October 1925. Traces of a lost ancient advance civilization could be seen in the photographs., Comments on the post include: Most interesting photos Ive seen for a while. and Theres most certainly other reasons, would be nice knowing the entire truth of their discoveries.. London: Routledge. If you are a taxpayer or a small business owner and looking for some assistance in tax filing preparation then Christopher L Byrd can be of assistance to you. Medal of Honor recipient Admiral Richard E. Byrd allegedly wrote his encounter with a lost civilization in Antarctica. Siple went on to earn an doctorate and was probably the only person, other than Byrd himself, to participate in all five of Byrd's Antarctic expeditions. Photo: Wikimedia. Significantly, from the time Byrd reestablished American contact with Antarctica in 1955, there has been a continuous American presence on the continent ever since. U.S. Navy Register of Commissioned Officers. Planning to spend two continuous months of discovery, training, and scientific investigation in Antarctic territory, the Navys force of thirteen ships, twenty-three aircraft, several helicopters, and over four-thousand men constituted the largest Antarctic expedition in history. The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. In the first phase, representatives of the twelve nations met in Washington, who met in sixty sessions between June 1958 and October 1959 to define a basic negotiating framework. . [22][23], Accepting that the conflicting data in the typed report's flight times indeed require both northward and southward ground speeds greater than the flight's 85-mph airspeed, a Byrd defender posits a westerly-moving anticyclone that tailwind-boosted Byrd's ground speed on both outward and inward legs, allowing the distance said to be covered in the time stated (the theory is based on rejecting handwritten sextant data in favor of typewritten alleged dead-reckoning data[24][25]). Though the successful tests of submarine-launched, nuclear-equipped Polaris missiles and development of intercontinental long-range ballistic missiles in the 1960s reduced fears of a Soviet invasion across the Arctic ice, for a brief period in the early Cold War, the U.S. Navy made a concerted effort to push the envelope of polar exploration and prepare itself for such military eventualities. In 1948, the U.S. Navy produced a documentary about Operation Highjump named The Secret Land. He was one of the recipients of the Langley Gold Medal, which is awarded by the Smithsonian Institution for outstanding achievement in aviation. Journal of Historical Geography 44:62.World War III, it was long assumed, would be.5)Mulvaney K (2001) At the Ends of the Earth: A History of the Polar Regions. Britain and admiral byrd hamilton i of admiral byrd? Byrd, along with pilot Bernt Balchen, co-pilot/radioman Harold June, and photographer Ashley McKinley, flew the Floyd Bennett to the South Pole and back in 18 hours, 41 minutes. Today we could make our holding or rights to them secure at little cost. [citation needed], Byrd wrote an article for the August 1927 edition of Popular Science Monthly in which he accurately predicted that while specially modified aircraft with one to three crewmen would fly the Atlantic nonstop, another 20 years were needed before it would be realized on a commercial scale.[33]. [33], Since the designation of the Australian Antarctic Territory pre-dated the signing of the Antarctic Treaty, Australian laws that relate to Antarctica date from more than two decades before the Antarctic Treaty era. This was also seen in the film With Byrd at the South Pole (1930), which covered his trip there. From August 26, 1946, and until the beginning of 1947, it carried out Operation Highjump, the largest military expeditionary force that the United States had ever sent to Antarctica, consisting of 13 ships, 4,700 men, and numerous aerial devices. This was Byrd's third Antarctic expedition and the first one that had the official. Operation Highjump (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. [36][37] Dr. Marks died while wintering over at the United States' AmundsenScott South Pole Station located at the geographic South Pole. The Antarctic Treaty; Full Antarctic Treaty; Science. Byrd took a sextant reading of the Sun at 7:07:10 GCT. Indias G20 Presidency: Opportunity to Resume Engagement in the Arctic, The Arctic This Week Take Five: Week of 20 February, 2023, Not so Poles Apart: The Arctic and the Third Pole in Asia, Putins Russia in Biggest Arctic Military Push Since Soviet Fall, Russia, the United States, and Churning Arctic Geopolitics, Russia and the Arctic Council in 2021: A New Security Dilemma, The Countries Taking Advantage of Antarctica During the Pandemic, Strategy and Competition at the Ends of the Earth. If you say here is how disinformation works, a lot of times they will tune you out or be actively hostile, Boucher said. In this service Admiral Byrd exercised fine leadership in gaining the united effort of civilian, Army, and Navy experts. Great power competition in Antarctica, too, is on the rise. An R4D carrying Admiral Byrd and his men makes a jet-assisted takeoff from the carrier Philippine Sea and heads to Antarctica on January 29, 1947. p. 187. [5], Byrd was friends with Edsel Ford and his father Henry Ford, whose admiration of his polar exploits helped to gain Byrd sponsorship and financing for his various polar expeditions from the Ford Motor Company.[6]. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, located in Box 207, Folder 7357, Byrd Papers. Born: October 25, 1888, Winchester, Va. 51 of 1997. The Arctic Institute is a 501(c)3 tax exempt nonprofit organisation with a network of researchers across the world. Personnel present on Antarctica at any time are always citizens or nationals of some sovereignty outside Antarctica, as there is no Antarctic sovereignty. For distinguishing himself conspicuously by courage and intrepidity at the risk of his life, in demonstrating that it is possible for aircraft to travel in continuous flight from a now inhabited portion of the earth over the North Pole and return. Jacques Valle in his book Confrontations mentions a "spurious story" about "'holes in the pole' allegedly found by Admiral Byrd", when he quotes Clint Chapin of the Copper Medic case as believing the UFOs came from inside the earth.[56]. ATS 13 of 1938. Military-funded collegiate programs furnished solutions to challenges in transpolar Arctic warfare. Operation Deep Freeze with Byrd in command laid the groundwork for the IGY in Antarctica 1955-56. However, an autopsy in New Zealand revealed that Dr. Marks died from methanol poisoning. He was then recalled to active duty and was assigned to the Office of Naval Operations and served in a desk job as secretary and organizer of the Navy Department Commission on Training Camps. In 2006, the New Zealand police reported that jurisdictional issues prevented them issuing warrants for potential American witnesses who were reluctant to testify during the Christchurch Coroner's investigation into the death by poisoning of Australian astrophysicist Rodney Marks at the South Pole base in May 2000. "South Pole scientist may have been poisoned". Sargent takes statements made by Byrd about the potentially rich resources of Antarctica and the subsequent Antarctic Treaty, where nations agreed to restrict the military and commercial uses of the continent, as proof that the supposed true nature of the South Pole was being hidden from the public. (480) 407-6520. [21] On the basis of this and other data in the diary, Dennis Rawlins concluded that Byrd steered accurately, and flew about 80% of the distance to the pole before turning back because of an engine oil leak, but later falsified his official report to support his statement of reaching the pole. Facilitating the exchange of information between the Parties required in the Treaty and the Environment Protocol. Chile responded by presenting a plan to suspend all Antarctic claims for five to ten years, while negotiating a final solution, but this did not find acceptance. For example, the Antarctic Conservation Act, Public Law 95-541, 16U.S.C. He qualified as a naval aviator (number 608) in June 1918. [20], East Germany also acceded on November 19, 1974, and received consultative status on October 5, 1987, prior to its reunification with West Germany.[22][24]. Tomorrow we may be sorry. He was succeeded on September 1, 2009, by Manfred Reinke (Germany). He is, probably, the only individual to receive the Medal of Honor, Navy Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Silver Life Saving Medal. The interview appeared in the Wednesday, March 5, 1947, edition of the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio, and read in part: Admiral Richard E. 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