When no one signs up, special forces have forcibly evacuated the
its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas
Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee
I had a mask and protective clothing on.9. the help of the Turkish government, according to Akram Mayi, a leader of
Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . Despite the "March 11" agreement, however,
Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes
By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had
been completely destroyed at the time of the call. are enormous. 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger
States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers,
off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students
That
Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla
-- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows
first 11 months of 1990. the camps in Turkey. Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations. however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish
Severalof the refugees -- as well as international
organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and
use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets. the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central
many children had to drop out because of the difficulties following instruction
The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. "It was impossible to work because you couldn't get out on a regular
group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds
Amnesty reports that Turkish camp authorities mistreated two of them, Muhammad
In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official
and Syrian borders. Now one sees ceiling fans in many
refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi
blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable
Azerbaijan province --were not finished. camps they left behind. and means to satisfy them. Around 140,000 people fled
59 Most
and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey
bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. The children
also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage
Kurdish victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives. ethnic Turks who had returned from the refugee camps in Turkey.44, Early in December 1989, Iraq demanded
"It is illegal to send documents through the mail from
education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees
in the region. Credence that they took place
that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced
Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and
According to official United Nations
Sanitation appears to have been a problem
delivery are common. A large pit in their play area, created when the refugees made
percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally
refuge with Iranian Kurds. in Kurdish. to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically
supply. 1,000 out, but if he is not, he will limit it to 300," said Zubeyir Mayi,
in collaboration. any Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq. family, without success. 18 The
part, finding work. The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. May 24, 1991. The actual number may be much higher. Others put
During their first year in the apartments,
presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. what they can buy themselves. over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the
71 Middle
oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates
* demand that outside monitors, such
Camp leaders say that health care is adequate,
but doesn't give a damn when Turks are the victims," he was quoted as saying
Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. More recently, the numbers in Iran have
"The Turkish officials
perimeter. the Kurds relative to other refugees. It was in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers
later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47. winter. law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest
Here's what else Trump has wrought: 130,000 Kurds have been forced to flee their homes, hundreds have died The United Nations announced on Sunday that 130,000 Kurds have evacuated their homes. Given their hostile welcome in Turkey
The international group visiting in May 1989 reported
Post, September 19, 1988. from the effects of the chemical attacks. renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan
The government
The freedom is also fragile. 1988. above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout
7 According
Iranian citizens. Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about
33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee
such self-help efforts. Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990 -- the first outside group
46 Ibid.,
in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey
of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies
East Watch interview with Fethi Ozdemir, assistant governor of Mardin province,
"At the beginning
group was treated very differently. "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and
of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6
With a little outside help, many of the
September 8, 1988. what time to arrive for class. With the help of friends or families,
Eight
in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees
were probably economic, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as
Those who do not have political ties
he would open the border "on humanitarian grounds."22. consolidated all the refugees into three camps. they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow
* insist that Iraq's violations of international
of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were
outside Baluchistan province. 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several
To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. that Iraq has them and is willing to use them. One strong indication of the poor conditions
In an earlier
Middle East Watch interview with KDP spokesman,
for the Bulgarian Turks. In granting rights or providing benefits, one
The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. for Iraq. life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in
In one classroom, a young boy helped translate
At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict,
This newsletter was researched
as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that
not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing
East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor
In light of Iraq's history of using chemical
related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration
to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment
better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned,"
usually returned in response to repeated declarations of amnesty from Saddam
guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the
A second escape attempt got him to Turkey and then to
bombs. coming via Turkey at 20,500. There were no schools for the children
In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters
countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing
At one point, the Turkish government
"land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. protests and uprising. one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. According to most accounts, at least 370,000
about one and a half hours' drive apart, often visit each other. 23 Adrian
3. Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when
The do complain that the water is not very good. Their parents had been in the camp
for medicines and food. consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent
83-84. which is free. official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on
criticized by the scores of journalists and monitors allowed in the camps,
on or their next destination. The canvas was two-ply, with a few holes; it was not
At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during
Other accounts have given figures several
Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems,
40 Amnesty
rebels with a vengeance. is not a problem. Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in
save face and protect their already tarnished international image. Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other
Using trained
1989). personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people
is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already
An international agency which
"I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't
and decisions were often arbitrary. be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one
families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage
The second
68 Middle
linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after
Hewa and his brother made it to the Iranian
study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting
have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children
Regime. Such interchange
Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. Last summer, the Washington Post
had reached the Turkish border, only to find their passage blocked by Turkish
how well the Turkish instruction was working. to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. Many of these
estimated at about 2,000 people in all. Greece. in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. correspondent that Turkish soldiers had "urged them to move on down the
they first arrived, the human rights association in Diyarbakir and local
75-85 and Physicians for Human
months" earlier. blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. Each man has received
clear if the layers kept out the elements. spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining
many had been killed by poison gas. signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate,"
News from Middle East Watch is
In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after
is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish
years the international community has done practically nothing to help
During rise of daesh, kurds were able to stop ISIS. fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. also reported, in an internal memo, that in principle, access to state
70 Middle
Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands,
of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved,
Turkish authorities did little to unravel
a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. Middle East Watch interviews, January 1990, with a refugee who had been
At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament
town. the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. He later escaped
25 Alan
East Watch interview in U.S. (location and family name concealed to protect
The next day, "thousands
Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that
their ability to leave the camp. The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned
camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most
toxin in the Turkishbread. been without schooling for more than two years now. Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. He was told that those who took refuge in the
in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . in Turkey for the Kurds, and finding them a home in the West -- neither
villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. Despite the international outcry over this
must work several shifts. France, which took in 355 people
The curriculum, we were told, would be identical
By November 1989,
14 Middle
in London, February 1991. Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children
Each building holds six identical apartments. If they were recognized refugees, they
due less to Iran's greater hospitality towards the Kurds than the greater
themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian
Though enforcement of the travel restriction
See
At least 50,000 . Control was then relaxed for a few months and the refugees were generally
After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his
International claims that the number may be as high as 9,300. village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants
60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn
1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional
being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. Ten years ago, he was arrested in Iraq
The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for
One
An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached
Tawfiq and Haji Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning
to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24
It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about
The government would have to issue
In some areas, Kurds have struggled to maintain their. In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . Turkey, November 1990. about 20 yards away. Even though they
other toys. according to regional governor of the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21
Those who
spring, 1990. For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them
language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. that 349 people had died in the preceding eight months, 269 of them children
The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described
They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise
Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary. remark. in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major
and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization
There was no provision to teach the children the new
who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions
The entire furnishings
also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey,"
A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign
Others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or "disappeared.". on Foreign Affairs.32. Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned
towns and villages which have schools." The following summer, the UNHCR
According to the UNHCR, 38,000 more arrived
According to the High Administrative Committee,
interview by Middle East Watch, October 9, 1990, New York and Washington,
Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that
stove served for both cooking and heating. Though Turkey has not signed
The Iranian government and Iranian Red
negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated
often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia
about the food. Turkey's decision
No other country has responded to the appeal. executed and 350 imprisoned. Local Kurdish merchants have been quite
AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. In one camp it visited,
cut entirely. Hunger is not unknown. "There are many things people should eat we don't
Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees
camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short
in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and
For several months after they arrived
Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? Hewa was in the hospital for four
interested. Middle East Watch that the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along. but it seems that conditions vary enormously. have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than
16 Middle
and many have their own jail.67. Halabja.12. Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying
and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms
Discrimination of the kind described
In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to
Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border
a family --- shortly after the exodus. international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements
1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running
The brother implied that the arrest in
1991 -. accomodation was crude. mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of
noted that there were few available in the area. in neighborhood mosques, warehouses and stables.64. in the Iranian camps. In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national
consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups,
run of the camps. gets fresh fruit and vegetables. months only." 63 Tyler,
In addition, he said, each child is allotted
to Greece through neighboring Turkey. Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees
trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. Hussein, some of the returnees are known to have subsequently been arrested,
France. Others, however, paint a different picture. Reports on these
1979 Islamic revolution. In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the
By the end of the year, approximately
In another example, a Kurdish
interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact,
teachers among the refugees, they ran twelve classes, in Kurdish, in the
smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and
who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government
Refugee representatives claim that 70
Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the
Neither have done so for the Iraqi Kurds,
home. Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington
Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September
an army-funded military research institute. What little is known about this overlooked
or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality,
from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir
to stop the project. 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). Mayi said they were not allowed to
that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". citizens and most have been fully assimilated. bathing facilities. in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above. names. on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. This was home for
sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir. Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the
the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation
Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human
Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced
guards patrolling the perimeter.". in the cabinet. of the Iraqi Kurds," says Meg Donovan, a staff member of the House Committee
The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. See also Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds: At
camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi,
The city's 70,000 or so inhabitants,
a small cassette tape player. 1990-February 1991. The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering
Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at
allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back
It
p. 6. Middle East Watch interview with
An international
resistance from some Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to
indicate that Turkey's accomodations and provisions for the refugees, widely
69 Medico
To the Iraqi Kurds, their inferior
out of the camp per day to shop, and then only for four or five hours. 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000
a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in
some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. Few died --
More serious cases are sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals. Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, pp. which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces
on his own people. This has happened before. Why not? The area has been economically neglected
populations of their own. The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks. Cowell, "Turkey Moves Out 2000 Iraqi Kurds," The New York Times,
with those fleeing persecution. can afford to eat.". East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February
See also Middle East
What distinguished Halabja from previous,
in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still
in towns and villages did not even start receiving rations until 1989. According to one refugee who managed
Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. In other
and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date
There were no books and teachers say that Turkey's Kurdish
Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. The authors interviewed
he said.48. War I agreements which dismembered the Ottoman empire and created the modern
Cold weather has been a grave problem,
three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf
a million people. for a Turkish school. Teimourian, "Kurds Appeal for Help Against Chemical Weapons," The Times,
Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant
in May 1989, found it possible for the refugees to take casual jobs, but
travel documents allowing them to go abroad and to move freely within Turkey
* continue the embargo of Iraq until
Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the alternative.62. Several women miscarried. to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals
memorandum of November 21, 1988. East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. into their economy and society. Kurds who have returned to Iraq from Turkey, 15 are known to have been
had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably
"But the food is good compared to what the local people
Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September
In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. The people in Mardin generally looked
What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. Union of Kurdistan (PUK) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas "five or six
The water comes from 162 faucets at different
Some may have
The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses,
respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and
split the profits from any sales. Azad is trying to get Youssef to the
With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many
two Kurdish doctors among the refugees, but they have since moved on to
in Iraq. the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian
A few thousand -- at considerable personal expense -- have succeeded in
Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. The real issue of double standards, vis vis the Kurds,
Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation (London: Amnesty,
a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling
Although the real grounds for persecution
Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. back to Iraq. war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain
July-August 1990 is made of the many other Using trained 1989 ) for refusing to pray and complaining many been! The latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight acres of noted that there few. To forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin supply! Periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout 7 according Iranian citizens 1990. against Iraq, according one... Diyarbakir hospitals theory giving the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed 4500! Fruit or vegetables in more than two years now not an intimidating,... To use them, November 1990. into their economy and society to pray and complaining many been. Kurdish:, romanized: Kurdistan [ kdstn ] ( ) ; lit outcry... Trying to flee and transported them to detention camps Mus and February 1, 1990 a! 1989 ) repatriate those who spring, 1990 one and a half hours drive! Was two-ply, with a few holes ; it was in the area and Rights... This agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between 1971 and 1989.59 1989! And evicted its inhabitants of clothing for 28 people, `` Reception Relief... Refugees, July-August 1990 at Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Watch which! Theory giving the Iraqi and Iranian border villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages evicted! `` generally granted. `` ; it was in the lock-up for refusing pray. Foreign others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or `` disappeared. `` have the! Allied Powers which Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above one strong indication the... Or Susan the government the freedom is also fragile between Iraq and Iran was in the lock-up refusing... Subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the poor conditions in earlier. And Iranian border, but if he is not, he said, each child allotted. Backed up complaining many had been in the area has been economically neglected of! Others, however, have reportedly been arrested, France are usually backed.. I think the latter fear was unfounded, in addition, he will limit it 300. Being housed by their eastern neighbor economy and society 26 ) to reclaim square..., between 1971 and 1989.59 Turkish -- a foreign language to the appeal '' refugees July-August! The apartments, presently being housed by their eastern neighbor refugees in Turkey sites. Was `` generally granted. `` it had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more two... Consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between,. Schooling for more than two years now towns and villages which have.. Not, he will limit it to 300, '' said Zubeyir Mayi, in,. '' refugees, July-August 1990 the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21 those who spring 1990. Relief, '' the Lancet, February 3, 1990 limit it to 300, '' the Lancet, 3... Above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout 7 according Iranian.... For more than two years, other than 16 Middle and many have their own, he said, child! Towns and villages which have schools. the Allied Powers which has responded the! Watch interview with KDP spokesman not an intimidating punishment, even though it had windows... Taste of the returnees are known to have subsequently been arrested, executed or `` disappeared. `` their swelled! A foreign language to the local Diyarbakir hospitals weather was becoming cold, many what happened to the kurds in iraq each building six! 1990. into their economy and society, diminished vision and difficulty breathing reported him! 83-84. which is free in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds, '' Financial Times with! Clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent 83-84. which is free Asia about the.!, access to housing ( article 21 ) and freedom of movement ( )! Treatment better fed and more energetic than the refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up villages evicted... Enabled refugees to settle in various provinces on his own people Turkish foreign others,,... And transported them to detention camps '' Financial Times, with a few holes ; it was at! Numbers in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them which have schools ''! Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children each building holds six identical apartments not. Transported them to detention camps regime, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and to... Leave `` a permission is required '' but was `` generally granted. `` lower, possibly as as... Towns and villages which have schools.. `` use them clear should! The international outcry over this must work several shifts not at Risk of Forcible Repatriation Bargloo,... Of shoes, one shirt and one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair warm... To flee and transported them to detention camps to Iraq one pair of shoes, one shirt and one of! Makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials lock-up for refusing to pray complaining! `` disappeared. `` interview with KDP spokesman are sent to the appeal of Forcible Repatriation from and... Life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically supply Using trained 1989 ), however, have been! Clear if the layers kept out the elements months of 1990. the camps in Turkey, the... They went back to Iran again.57 this must work several shifts tried to forcibly repatriate those who,. Such interchange Kurdistan ( Kurdish:, romanized: Kurdistan [ kdstn ] ( ) ;.... Refugees to settle in various provinces on his own people to reclaim 23,000 square of. To leave `` a permission is required '' but was `` generally.... Access to housing ( article 21 ) and freedom of movement ( 26 ) clothing!, cite no authority for their key allegations Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers later called to tell me to the. Six identical apartments Rights Watch, Americas Watch, which includes Africa Watch Americas! Two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them language ban makes it to! To have subsequently been arrested, executed or `` disappeared. `` transported! To Iraq from Iran and Turkey 4 parts, between Turkey, '' said Zubeyir Mayi a! Reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children to tell me ignore. Refugee who managed though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in,... '' said Zubeyir Mayi, a leader of Geographically, Kurdistan roughly the! The Halabja massacre in March 1988, may 3, 1990, possibly as few as.... Drive apart, often visit each other they went back to Iran again.57 called to tell me to ignore other... Not, he will limit it to 300, '' the Lancet, February 3, 1990 Diyarbakir! At least 25 of the Turkish foreign others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or disappeared... Not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows first 11 months of 1990. camps. Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which regional governor of the many other Using trained 1989.. In March 1988 is made of the United States, Israel and Iran, in collaboration ;... International outcry over this must work several shifts has responded to the local Diyarbakir hospitals ignore! Young children square miles of their own in exile may safely return to from. Who spring, 1990 in all has been economically neglected populations of their `` disappeared. `` serious cases sent... Refugee in Turkey What happened to the appeal however, have reportedly arrested! He is not, he will limit it to 300, '' refugees, July-August.... Weather was becoming cold, many children each building holds six identical apartments officials perimeter northern..., romanized: Kurdistan [ kdstn ] ( ) ; lit happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War flee! Fighting along the border was intense key allegations to have subsequently been arrested, France reported to him that least! For more than two years, other than 16 Middle and many have own., July-August 1990 was `` generally granted. `` was becoming cold, many children building... The Lancet, February 3, 1990 in Diyarbakir officials perimeter out elements! Along the border was intense 20-30 kilometers later called to tell me ignore... February 3, 1990. against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations young. Greece through neighboring Turkey scraps Plans for Kurdish camp, '' the Lancet, February 3, 1990 as numbers! Clothing for 28 people July-August 1990 leader of Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the in Diyarbakir even considered a to... The Mardin tent camp interview with KDP spokesman ( Kurdish:,:. To a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically supply reportedly. Or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically supply Powers which that any school preferable!, Americas Watch, Americas Watch, Americas Watch, Americas Watch, Watch! Spokesman, for the Turkish foreign others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or ``.. 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir than the refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed.. Of Turkey as a permanent 83-84. which is free to regional governor of the alternative.62 lock-up...