Thomas Crofton Croker published fairy tales from southern Ireland and, together with his wife, documented keening and other Irish funereal customs. Racial or ethnic purity" was the goal of the Nazis, intent on forging a Greater Germanic Reich. Chalavi S, Simmons A, Dijkstra H, Barker GJ, Reindeers AATS. This definition, offered by the folklorist Hermann Bausinger, does not discount the validity of meaning expressed in these "second hand" traditions. By using this website, you agree to our Experiences of diagnosis and treatment among people with multiple sclerosis. Please note that manuscript can only be submitted by an author of the manuscript and may not be submitted by a third party. One paper was identified by all search tools in EMBASE but not identified by any in MEDLINE. The act of observing and noting any folklore performance raises without exception the performance from an unconscious habitual acting within a group, to and for themselves, to a performance for an outsider. Of the 13 relevant articles identified by SPIDER, 38.46% came from MEDLINE (5 articles) and 23.07% came from EMBASE (3 articles) and 92.30% came from CINAHL Plus (12 articles) Table7. Folklore was the original term used in this discipline. This is just a partial list of the fields of study related to folklore studies, all of which are united by a common interest in subject matter. Lohne V, Aasgaard T, Caspari S, Slettebo A, Naden D. The lonely battle for dignity: individuals struggling with multiple sclerosis. Transmission of these artifacts is a vital part of the folklore process. The folklorist also rubs shoulders with researchers, tools and inquiries of neighboring fields: literature, anthropology, cultural history, linguistics, geography, musicology, sociology, psychology. Words both reflect and shape our worldview. Background. Springer Nature. [9], PICO created a much greater number of hits compared to SPIDER. [16] Many Walt Disney films and products belong in this category of folklorism; the fairy tales, originally told around a winter fire, have become animated film characters, stuffed animals and bed linens. [26] Some British folklorists,[which?] [74] To explain the stability of the narrative, Anderson posited a double redundancy, in which the performer has heard the story from multiple other performers, and has himself performed it multiple times. [9], specifically by comparing the two approaches: 1) the traditional PICO method of searching electronic databases with 2) the newly devised SPIDER tool, developed for qualitative and mixed-method research. -. CCG and RM made significant contributions to the conception and design of the study, assisted with the presentation of findings and assisted with drafting and revising the manuscript. [60] Along with these new challenges, electronic data collections provide the opportunity to ask different questions, and combine with other academic fields to explore new aspects of traditional culture. Without communicating these beliefs and customs within the group over space and time, they would become cultural shards relegated to cultural archaeologists. SC made significant contributions to the conception and design of the study, assisted with the presentation of findings and assisted with drafting and revising the manuscript. [75], Another characteristic of cybernetics and autopoiesis is self-generation within a system. Of the 13 relevant articles identified by the PICOS tool 46.15% came from MEDLINE (6 articles), 53.84% came from EMBASE (7 articles) and 92.31% came from CINAHL Plus (12 articles). The folklorist strives to understand the significance of these beliefs, customs and objects for the group. in the case of scoping studies), would benefit from using the SPIDER tool. The term vernacular culture differs from folklore in its overriding emphasis on a specific locality or region. Systematic reviews: the heart of evidence-based practice. Privacy Once folklore artifacts have been recorded on the World Wide Web, they can be collected in large electronic databases and even moved into collections of big data. Qual Quant. Two years later, it would merge with the recently created Chilean Society of History and Geography.[58]. The time spent screening hits for relevant articles equated to weeks for the PICO hits and hours for the PICOS and SPIDER hits. This compels folklorists to find new ways to collect and curate these data. In addition we wished to build and expand on the work of Cooke et al. -, Understand the costs and funding options 2022 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Search categories and SPIDER and PICO headings. Systematic reviews are a crucial method, underpinning evidence based practice and informing health care decisions [1,2]. Their stories and histories are not marked by decades and centuries, but remain close in, as they circle around the constant rhythms of the natural world. We included studies that investigated adults (aged 18years old and older) with a diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis, who had experience of utilising health care services at any time point. Folklore studies has already acknowledged this in the study of traditions which are either done in an annual cycle of circular time (ex. How do we map "tradition" into this multiplicity of time scales? Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. All three databases were checked for all articles. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Typically, one of the two opposites assumes a role of dominance over the other. Because of the time and resources required to complete a systematic and comprehensive search, efforts have been made to investigate the sensitivity of searches, and thus lessen the amount of time spent reviewing irrelevant articles with no benefit [6]. The recommendation for current practice therefore is to use the PICO tool across a variety of databases. The Union and the Member States should promote research, development and investment in the production of renewable energy in developing and other partner countries while fully respecting international law, thereby strengthening their environmental and economic sustainability and their export capacity of renewable energy. Although the profession in folklore grows and the articles and books on folklore topics proliferate, the traditional role of the folklorist is indeed changing. Americans are proud of their cultural diversity. Those were the important questions posed by early folklorists in their collections. We felt mature.(. The Europeans continued with their emphasis on oral traditions of the pre-literate peasant, and remained connected to literary scholarship within the universities. Public folklorists are increasingly being involved in economic and community development projects to elucidate and clarify differing world views of the social groups impacted by the projects.[8]. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. SPIDER proved to be a tool designed to formulate search terms easily, as it naturally fits the crucial elements of the search question. Without clearer titles and abstracts, and potentially an indexing phrase that indicates mixed samples, there is no way of avoiding this issue. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Loveland CA. For folk narrative is NOT a linear chain of isolated tellings, going from one single performance on our time-space grid to the next single performance. However, difficulties in completing a sensitive yet comprehensive search of qualitative literature have been previously noted [9-11] including: poor indexing and use of key words of qualitative studies, the common use of titles that lack the keywords describing the article, and unstructured abstracts. Health care in this sense referred to routine clinical care (either state funded or privately funded) not trial protocols or interventions. One major change had already been initiated by Franz Boas. As found in Cooke et al. [34] Antti Aarne published a first classification system for folktales in 1910. By the turn into the 20th century, European folklorists remained focused on the oral folklore of the homogeneous peasant populations in their regions, while the American folklorists, led by Franz Boas, chose to consider Native American cultures in their research, and included the totality of their customs and beliefs as folklore. This provides a feedback loop between repetitions at both levels to retain the essential elements of the tale, while at the same time allowing for the incorporation of new elements. 94-201),[7] passed by the United States Congress in conjunction with the Bicentennial Celebration in 1976, included a definition of folklore, also called folklife: "[Folklife] means the traditional expressive culture shared within the various groups in the United States: familial, ethnic, occupational, religious, regional; expressive culture includes a wide range of creative and symbolic forms such as custom, belief, technical skill, language, literature, art, architecture, music, play, dance, drama, ritual, pageantry, handicraft; these expressions are mainly learned orally, by imitation, or in performance, and are generally maintained without benefit of formal instruction or institutional direction. He later produced a collection of four thousand proverbs. Their meaning, however far removed from the original story telling tradition, does not detract from the importance and meaning they have for their young audience. Studies not identified by the SPIDER model in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases did not use keywords such as qualitative, but some described qualitative methods, such as phenomenological-hermeneutic [16] or interview(s) [20,23]. To give your manuscript the best chance of publication,follow these policies and formatting guidelines. "Indian thinking" involves "'seeing' things from a perspective emphasizing that circles and cycles are central to world and that all things are related within the Universe." The range of different methods for synthesising qualitative research has been growing over recent years [1, 2], alongside an increasing interest in qualitative synthesis to inform health-related policy and practice [].While the terms 'meta-analysis' (a statistical method to combine the results of primary studies), or sometimes 'narrative synthesis', are frequently used Examination of the titles and abstracts of the identified articles resulted in the obtainment of 18 full text articles relevant at full text, across all databases and search tools. By the beginning of the 20th century these collections had grown to include artifacts from around the world and across several centuries. The study of folklore originated in Europe in the first half of the 19th century with a focus on the oral folklore of the rural peasant populations. However, even though some qualitative keywords are necessary to identify qualitative studies, including the words qualitative research AND the name of the type of research e.g. Democracy (From Ancient Greek: , romanized: dmokrata, dmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation ("direct democracy"), or to choose governing officials to do so ("representative democracy"). There are multiple venues, be they museums, journals or folk festivals to present the research results. The folklorist Richard Dorson coined this word, clarifying it in his book "Folklore and Fakelore". "You reap what you sow", "A stitch in time saves nine", "Alpha and omega", the Christian concept of an afterlife all exemplify a cultural understanding of time as linear and progressive. In all PICO searches for MEDLINE and EMBASE the word qualitative combined with the phrase multiple sclerosis identified many quantitative studies reporting brain scan assessments that were wholly unrelated to the search aim. This search strategy was tailored to the three largest medical and nursing databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and EBSCO CINAHL Plus) as in Cooke et al.s study [9] and search terms used a mixture of medical subject headings and keywords. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology Sociedad Chilena de Historia y Geografa, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay, Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, International Society for Ethnology and Folklore, Joke#Printed jokes and the solitary laugh, "Public Law 94-201 (The Creation of the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress)", "AFS Position Statement on Research with Human Subjects - American Folklore Society", "A Guide to Conducting Ethnographic Research: A Review of Ethnography: Step-by-Step (3rd ed.) On receiving the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: managing the transition. However, these terms may become more relevant in the future as more trials and interventions incorporate qualitative research [12]. In 1909, at the initiative of Laval, Vicua and Lenz, the Chilean Folklore Society was founded, the first of its kind in America. It is based on the assumption that every text artifact is a variant of the original text. -, Make sure your submission is complete Individually, these tend to be labeled fads, and disappear as quickly as they appear. The oral tradition of jokes as an example is found across all cultures, and is documented as early as 1600 B.C. Open coding in qualitative research is rarely the only pass of coding and is followed by one or more coding methods, such as Axial Coding. The field has expanded from a focus on mechanistic and biological systems to an expanded recognition that these theoretical constructs can also be applied to many cultural and societal systems, including folklore. Because folklore is firstly an act of communication between parties, it is incomplete without inclusion of the reception in its analysis. Evidence suggests that the proportion of life in good health has remained broadly constant, implying that the additional years are in poor health. An ebook (short for electronic book), also known as an e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. It is therefore important for future research to investigate the potential of the SPIDER vs. PICOS and PICO tools as a base for the recommended comprehensive searching process, by investigating the contribution of the SPIDER and PICOS tools at every stage from the initial search hits, to the final included relevant articles. Overall, the average reduction of hits (% across all three databases) was 98.58% for SPIDER vs. PICO, 97.94% for PICO vs. PICOS and 68.64% for PICOS vs. SPIDER. [21] Thoms consciously replaced the contemporary terminology of "popular antiquities" or "popular literature" with this new word. Kenny A, Hyett N, Sawtell J, Dickson-Swift V, Farmer J, OMeara P. Community participation in rural health: a scoping review. It was later expanded into the AarneThompson classification system by Stith Thompson and remains the standard classification system for European folktales and other types of oral literature. According to the theories of cybernetics and its secondary field of autopoiesis, this can be attributed to a closed loop auto-correction built into the system maintenance of oral folklore. To investigate the benefit of the SPIDER,PICO and PICOS tools we used identical search terms but combined them in different ways as shown in Tables2, ,33 and and44 below. See also Dundes (2005), pg. Structuralism in folklore studies attempts to define the structures underlying oral and customary folklore. SCS conceived and designed the study, assisted with searches, appraised relevant studies and assisted with drafting and revising the manuscript. Qualitative research methodology was adopted in this study to achieve the study's objectives. Oral traditions, particularly in their stability over generations and even centuries, provide significant insight into the ways in which insiders of a culture see, understand, and express their responses to the world around them. [38], In contrast to this, American folklorists, under the influence of the German-American Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict, sought to incorporate other cultural groups living in their region into the study of folklore. Parallel to these global statements, the American Folklife Preservation Act (P.L. 387. Analysis then proceeded according to the method of constant comparison, data relating to each code being retrieved, described and compared across individuals, and the relationships between codes explored. Future research should investigate the use of SPIDER and PICOS across varied databases. Footnote: * is a truncation symbol to retrieve terms with a common root within CINHAL Plus and MEDLINE. Public sector folklore was introduced into the American Folklore Society in the early 1970s. The goal in cybernetics is to identify and understand a system's closed signaling loop, in which an action by the system generates a change in the environment, which in turn triggers feedback to the system and initiates a new action. This law also marks a shift in our national awareness; it gives voice to the national understanding that diversity within the country is a unifying feature, not something that separates us. Method s V a lidity. [22] In his published call for help in documenting antiquities, Thoms was echoing scholars from across the European continent to collect artifacts of older, mostly oral cultural traditions still flourishing among the rural populace. One noteworthy example of this is the Jewish Christmas Tree, a point of some contention among American Jews. As a proponent of this method, Walter Anderson proposed additionally a Law of Self-Correction, i.e. See, For a further discussion of this, see also (. This approach takes a more top-down approach to understand how a specific form fits into and expresses meaning within the culture as a whole. [8] This was not always the case. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of structural magnetic resonance imaging data in a two-center study. [50], This analysis then goes beyond the artifact itself, be it dance, music or story-telling. Author/reviewer communication. As previously described in Cooke et al. Folklore interest sparked in Turkey around the second half of the nineteenth century when the need to determine a national language came about. Original Research Obstetrics. -, General formatting rules for all article types Language and customs provide a window into their view of reality. The A method used to describe, test relationships, and examine cause and effect relationships. Based on these limited findings the SPIDER tool would not be recommended due to the risk of not identifying relevant papers, but has potential due to its greater specificity. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0. Within this discussion, many voices were actively trying to identify the optimal approach to take in the analysis of folklore artifacts. They continued throughout their lives to collect German folk tales to include in their collection. patients and carers/patients and health care professionals and so forth. Systematic reviews are a crucial method, underpinning evidence based practice and informing health care decisions [1,2].Traditionally systematic reviews are completed using an objective and primarily quantitative approach [] whereby a comprehensive search is conducted, attempting to identify all relevant articles which are then integrated and Because of the focus on Multiple Sclerosis, studies were excluded if they used a mixed sample of various conditions (e.g. [10] The folklorist studies the traditional artifacts of a group. For the PICO tool in CINAHL Plus, 5.78% of hits were deemed relevant after the title and abstract stage (78 articles/1350 articles), and 14/78 articles (17.95%) were confirmed to meet the inclusion criteria after full text review. ", The newness of this discussion can be seen in the references for, This blanket interpretation has been questioned by some as too simplistic in its sweeping application to all Native American tribes. Grounded theory involves the application of inductive reasoning.The methodology contrasts with the hypothetico One article was available in CINAHL Plus but not identified by any of the tools [17]. Difficulties have been reported in conducting literature searches of qualitative research using the PICO search tool.