Eisenhower encouraged Aldrich to have further meetings. Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. '[110] Of the role of Foreign Secretary Macmillan observed: Nothing he can say can do very much good and almost anything he may say may do a great deal of harm. Their advice was rejected and in January 1958 the three Treasury ministersPeter Thorneycroft, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nigel Birch, Economic Secretary to the Treasury, and Enoch Powell, the Financial Secretary to the Treasury and seen as their intellectual ringleaderresigned. It sparked debate as to whether Labour (now led by Hugh Gaitskell) could win a general election again. In 1933 Boothby wrote about Dorothy to his friend John Strachey: 'The most formidable thing in the world - a possessive, single- track woman. ", Merk, Dorothea, and Rdiger Ahrens. Edward Marriott, 'Obituary Eileen O'Casey', Seidman, Michael. Macmillan was one of the few ministers brave enough to tell Churchill to his face that it was time for him to retire. Her nephew William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, married Kathleen Kennedy, a sister of John F. Kennedy. Harold Macmillan (n. 10 februarie 1894, Londra Mare, Anglia, Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii i Irlandei - d. 29 . [195] About the Congo crisis, Macmillan clashed with Kennedy as he was against having United Nations forces put an end to the secessionist regime of Katanga backed by Belgium and the Western mining companies, which he claimed would destabilise the Central African Federation. [109] Campbell also suggests that Harold Wilson's image change during Macmillan's premiership from "boring young statistician into lovable Yorkshire comic" was made in conscious imitation of Macmillan.[72]. [252] On his advice she excluded the Treasury from this body. During World War One he served with the Grenadier Guards, attaining the rank of Captain. But we cannot but record with frustration the fact that the vigorous and perceptive attacker of the status quo in the 1930s became its emblem for a time in the late 1950s before returning to be its critic in the 1980s. [144], Besides foreign affairs, the economy was Macmillan's other prime concern. It was at his third meeting in London that Macmillan started to assume the mantle of an elder statesman, who offered Kennedy encouragement and his experience that formed a lasting friendship. He settled for spending cuts instead, and himself threatened resignation until he was allowed to cut bread and milk subsidies, something the Cabinet had not permitted Butler to do.[113]. David Walker, 'Focus on 1957: Macmillan ordered Windscale censorship'. Rab Butler, Hugh Gaitskell, Harold Wilson) who, often through no fault of their own, had not seen military service in either World War. Benefiting from favourable international conditions,[2] he presided over an age of affluence, marked by low unemployment and highif unevengrowth. We must run AFHQ (Allied Forces Headquarters) as the Greek slaves ran the operations of the Emperor Claudius". Losing his seat in 1929, he regained it in 1931, soon after which he spoke out against the high rate of unemployment in Stockton-on-Tees. [201] In the aftermath of criticism about colonial policies in Kenya and Nyasland, Macmillan from 1959 onward started to see the African colonies as a liability, arguing at cabinet meetings that the level of force required to hang onto them would result in more domestic criticism, international opprobrium, costly wars, and would allow the Soviet Union to establish influence in the Third World by supporting self-styled "liberation" movements that would just make things worse. [18][pageneeded], Macmillan went up to Balliol College in 1912, where he joined many political societies. In April 1957, Macmillan reaffirmed his strong support for the British nuclear weapons programme. In the 1980s the aged Macmillan was seen as "a revered but slightly pathetic figure". From the same year Macmillan permitted the US Navy to station Polaris submarines at Holy Loch, Scotland, as a replacement for Thor. [176] A further series of subtle indicators and controls was introduced during his premiership. Although Macmillan played an important role in drafting the "Industrial Charter" ("Crossbencher" in the Sunday Express called it the second edition of The Middle Way) he now, as MP for a safe seat, adopted a somewhat more right-wing public persona, defending private enterprise and fiercely opposing the Labour government in the House of Commons. [133], Butler later recorded that during his period as acting Head of Government at Number Ten, he noticed constant comings and goings of ministers to Macmillan's study in Number 11 next doorand that those who attended all seemed to receive promotions when Macmillan became Prime Minister. Sarah Macmillan (1930-1970). in, Ovendale, Ritchie. Anthony Bevins, 'How Supermac Was "Hounded Out of Office" by Band of 20 Opponents'. [56] In 1928, Macmillan was described by his political hero, and now Parliamentary colleague, David Lloyd George, as a "born rebel". But if I take her, it's goodbye to everything else.'. [175], Britain's balance of payments problems led Chancellor Selwyn Lloyd to impose a seven-month wage freeze in 1961[176] and, amongst other factors, this caused the government to lose popularity and a series of by-elections in March 1962, of which the most famous was Orpington on 14 March. Macmillan was given responsibility for increasing colonial production and trade, and signalled the future policy direction when in June 1942 he declared: The governing principle of the Colonial Empire should be the principle of partnership between the various elements composing it. The highest moral standards should be demanded, but if people do fall by the wayside I think their privacy should be respected. [59] In September 1932 he made his first visit to the USSR. Hearing evidence in the winter of 1957 and reporting in January 1958, this inquiry exonerated all involved in what some journalists perceived to be a whitewash. [199], Macmillan's first government had seen the first phase of the sub-Saharan African independence movement, which accelerated under his second government. 'Windscale: Britain's Biggest Nuclear Disaster', broadcast on Monday, 8 October 2007, at 2100 BST on BBC Two. [184] The failure of the Paris summit changed Macmillan's attitude towards the European Economic Community, which he started to see as a counterbalance to American power. However, Sarah lived an ultimately unhappy life and died at the young age of 39 in 1970. Immediate Family: Daughter of Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC and Dorothy Evelyn Macmillan. [10], Macmillan received an intensive early education, closely guided by his American mother. [224] On 17 June 1963, he survived a Parliamentary vote with a majority of 69,[225] one fewer than had been thought necessary for his survival, and was afterwards joined in the smoking-room only by his son and son-in-law, not by any Cabinet minister. [161] Subsequently released files show that 'Macmillan's cuts were few and covered up few technical details',[162] and that even the full report found no danger to public health, but later official estimates acknowledged that the release of polonium-210 may have led directly to 25 to 50 deaths, and anti-nuclear groups linked it to 1,000 fatal cancers. He insisted on being "undisputed head of the home front" and that Eden's de facto deputy Rab Butler, whom he was replacing as Chancellor, not have the title "Deputy Prime Minister" and not be treated as senior to him. "The oratory of Harold Macmillan." You will find the Americans much as the Greeks found the Romans-great big, vulgar bustling people, more vigorous than we are and also more idle, with more unspoiled virtues, but also more corrupt. In his diary Harold Nicolson noted the feelings of the Tory backbenchers: "They feel that Winston is too old and Anthony (Eden) too weak. . She was bored by that, and by politics, so she turned to Boothby who was flamboyant and racy and flattering. He says: 'These relationships were recognised in the past for what they were - an affair of passion - but passions have gone out of life now, and been reduced to sex, while journalists behave like children trying to burst into their parents' bedroom. Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? She. Negotiations to join the EEC were complicated by Macmillan's desire to allow Britain to continue its traditional policy of importing food from the Commonwealth nations of Australia, New Zealand and Canada, which led the EEC nations, especially France, to accuse Britain of negotiating in bad faith. Start your Independent Premium subscription today. In his delirium he imagined himself back in a Somme casualty clearing station and asked for a message to be passed to his mother, now dead. She met Macmillan in 1919, when he was aide-de- camp to her father, then Governor- General of Canada. . Lamb argues that it is unfair to blame Macmillan for excessively quick African independence (resulting in many former colonies becoming dictatorships), or for the Beeching Plan (which was accepted by Labour in 1964, although Macmillan himself had reservations and had asked civil servants to draw up plans for extra road-building), and argues that had he remained in power Macmillan would never have allowed inflation to get as far out of hand as it did in the 1970s.[5]. [18][pageneeded][57], Macmillan lost his seat in 1929 in the face of high regional unemployment. The record of Macmillan's own premiership came under attack from the monetarists in the party, whose theories Thatcher supported. This did not meet with Eden's approval at Cabinet on 7 January. '[254]:188. [106] By the 1950s he had had his teeth capped, grew his hair in a more shapely style, wore Savile Row suits and walked with the ramrod bearing of a former Guards officer, acquiring the distinguished appearance of his later career. He championed a Keynesian strategy of deficit spending to maintain demand and pursuit of corporatist policies to develop the domestic market as the engine of growth. [253] She later recalled: 'I never regretted following Harold Macmillan's advice. When Skybolt was unilaterally cancelled by US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Macmillan negotiated with President Kennedy the purchase of Polaris missiles under the Nassau agreement in December 1962. [29] His hip wound took four years to heal completely, and he was left with a slight shuffle to his walk and a limp grip in his right hand from his previous wound, which affected his handwriting. 'Cabinet Papers For 1957: Windscale Fire Danger Disclosed'. The innocent children of ecstatic, illicit liaisons suffered in the past as much if not more than their parents. [214], Macmillan also saw the value of rapprochement with the EEC, to which his government sought belated entry, but Britain's application was vetoed by French president Charles de Gaulle on 29 January 1963. This contributed to the Windscale fire on the night of 10 October 1957, which broke out in the plutonium plant of Pile No. [278] Wilson also argued that behind the public nonchalance lay a real professional. Now that little stigma is attached to illegitimacy, the considerations that used to limit women's sexual behaviour are no longer punitive. The Boothby business was never discussed, though everyone knew about it. Labour leader Harold Wilson wrote that his "role as a poseur was itself a pose". With his final exams over two years away, he enjoyed an idyllic Trinity (summer) term at Oxford, just before the outbreak of the First World War. [187] Macmillan was strongly opposed to the idea of sending British troops to fight in Laos, but was afraid of damaging relations with the United States if he did not, making him very apprehensive as he set out for Key West, especially as he had never met Kennedy before. [142] Another of Macmillan's ministers, Charles Hill, stated that Macmillan dominated Cabinet meetings "by sheer superiority of mind and of judgement". One nanny said, 'Feed a cold'; she was a neo-Keynesian. When Eden resigned in 1957 following the Suez Crisis, Macmillan succeeded him as prime minister and Leader of the Conservative Party. In April 1953 Beaverbrook encouraged Macmillan to think that in a future leadership contest he might emerge in a dead heat between Eden and Butler, as the young Beaverbrook (Max Aitken as he had been at the time) had helped Bonar Law to do in 1911. British prime minister from 1957 to 1963, Macmillan, who died in 1986 at the age of 92, restored Anglo-American relations after the Suez . Harold Macmillan, 1957-1963 Queen Elizabeth II invited Harold Macmillan to form a government in 1957 after the leadership of the Conservative party became vacant between elections. Over lunch with Lord Swinton on 30 September he favoured stepping down, but only if Baron Hailsham could be shoehorned in as his successor. In justification Macmillan quoted Lord Macaulay in 1851: Many politicians of our time are in the habit of laying it down as a self-evident proposition that no people ought to be free until they are fit to use their freedom. [110], Macmillan was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in December 1955. He learned French at home every morning from a succession of nursery maids, and exercised daily at Mr Macpherson's Gymnasium and Dancing Academy, around the corner from the family home. Some people have protested that those in authority over us should be open to public scrutiny. [196], Macmillan was a supporter of the nuclear test ban treaty of 1963, and in the first half of 1963 he had Ormsby-Gore quietly apply pressure on Kennedy to resume the talks in the spring of 1963 when negotiations became stalled. "[122] Macmillan knew President Eisenhower well, but misjudged his strong opposition to a military solution. '[237] Commonwealth Secretary-General Sir Shridath Ramphal affirmed: "His own leadership in providing from Britain a worthy response to African national consciousness shaped the post-war era and made the modern Commonwealth possible. For the politicians concerned, this must have been a good thing. Nick Rufford, 'A-bomb links kept secret from Queen'. [213], Macmillan cancelled the Blue Streak ballistic missile in April 1960 over concerns about its vulnerability to a pre-emptive attack, but continued with the development of the air-launched Blue Steel stand-off missile, which was about to enter trials. [137] The political situation after Suez was so desperate that on taking office on 10 January he told the Queen he could not guarantee his government would last "six weeks"though ultimately he would be in charge of the government for more than six years. Then the Canalettos go.' [196] By contrast, Kennedy felt that the regime of Katanga was a Belgian puppet state and its mere existence was damaging to the prestige of the West in the Third World. [120] He was heavily involved in the secret planning of the invasion with France and Israel. However, Butler and Reginald Maudling (who was very popular with backbench MPs at that time) declined to push for his resignation, especially after a tide of support from Conservative activists around the country. [185] At the same time, the Anglo-American "working groups", which Macmillan attached such importance to turned out to be largely ineffective as the Americans did not wish to have their options limited by a British veto; by in-fighting between agencies of the U.S. government such as the State Department, Defense Department, etc. She was convinced not least because she was constantly told so that she. His next publication, "The Next Five Years", was overshadowed by Lloyd George's proposed "New Deal" in 1935. [231], While recovering in hospital, Macmillan wrote a memorandum (dated 14 October) recommending the process by which "soundings" would be taken of party opinion to select his successor, which was accepted by the Cabinet on 15 October. [204] This aim was best achieved by having the same Malay elite who had worked with the British colonial authorities serve as the new elite in Malaysia, hence Macmillan's desire to have a Malay majority who would vote for Malay politicians. It was he who first suggested collusion with Israel. [11], spouse of the prime minister of the United Kingdom, Maurice Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Dorothy_Macmillan&oldid=1082950698. [172], Macmillan led the Conservatives to victory in the 1959 general election, increasing his party's majority from 60 to 100 seats. He had to have a plaster cast put on his face. He liked to say: 'I have it both ways: my grandfather was a crofter, my wife's father a Duke.'. With hereditary peerages again being created under Thatcher, Macmillan requested the earldom that had been customarily bestowed to departing prime ministers, and on 24 February 1984 he was created Earl of Stockton and Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden. It is tempting to conclude that those were more civilised times. [48] John Campbell suggests that Macmillan's humiliation was first a major cause of his odd and rebellious behaviour in the 1930s then, in subsequent decades, made him a harder and more ruthless politician than his rivals Eden and Butler.[49]. He read avidly about Disraeli, but was also particularly impressed by a speech by Lloyd George at the Oxford Union Society in 1913, where he had become a member and debater. [108] He very often wore either an Old Etonian or a Brigade of Guards tie. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged inPlease refresh your browser to be logged in, Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. [185], The special relationship with the United States continued after the election of President John F. Kennedy, whose sister Kathleen Cavendish had married William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, the nephew of Macmillan's wife. [226], Macmillan had a meeting with Butler on 11 September and was careful to keep his options open (retire now, retire in the New Year, or fight the next election). [27], Macmillan spent the final two years of the war in hospital undergoing a long series of operations. [116], In November 1956, Britain invaded Egypt in collusion with France and Israel in the Suez Crisis. Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC, FRS (10 February 1894 - 29 December 1986) was a British Conservative statesman and politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963. Although scientists had warned of the dangers of such an accident for some time, the government blamed the workers who had put out the fire for 'an error of judgement', rather than the political pressure for fast-tracking the megaton bomb. Instead, the resignation of the new candidate at Stockton allowed Macmillan to be re-selected there, and he returned to the House of Commons for his old seat in 1931. Or was it Tibet? Garry O'Connor, 'Obituary Eileen O'Casey'. Anything he says that is not obvious is dangerous; whatever is not trite is risky. Profitable parts of the steel industry and the railways had been privatised, along with British Telecom: 'They were like two Rembrandts still left.'[257]. 'Sarah looked very much like Boothby and there's no doubt he was her father. According to Michael Bloch, there have long been rumours that Macmillan was expelled from Eton for homosexuality. Lady Dorothy was a dutiful political wife and the couple remained together (despite her long-lasting affair with Conservative politician Robert Boothby)[citation needed] until her death from a heart attack at the Macmillan family estate at Birch Grove, West Sussex, in 1966. [197] The two envoys who arrived in Moscow were W. Averell Harriman representing the United States and Lord Hailsham representing the United Kingdom. Macmillan is best remembered for the "affluent society", which he inherited rather than created in the late 1950s, but chancellors came and went and by the early 1960s economic policy was "nothing short of a shambles", while his achievements in foreign policy made little difference to the lives of the public. After the ceasefire a motion on the Order Paper attacking the US for "gravely endangering the Atlantic Alliance" attracted the signatures of over a hundred MPs. The other said, 'Starve a cold'; she was a monetarist. [186] The emphasis on aid to the Third World also coincided well with Macmillan's "one nation conservatism" as he wrote in a letter to Kennedy advocating reforms to capitalism to ensure full employment: "If we fail in this, Communism will triumph, not by war or even by subversion but by seemingly to be a better way of bringing people material comforts". Macmillan was Foreign Secretary in AprilDecember 1955 in the government of Anthony Eden, who had taken over as prime minister from the retiring Churchill. [25] He fought on the front lines in France, where the casualty rate was high, as was the probability of an "early and violent death". [39] He relinquished his commission on 1 April 1920. Despite this, three children were born to them in the first five years. 35253 Eisenhower said these words in a meeting with Treasury Secretary, OCR A Level History B: The End of Consensus: Britain 194590 by Pearson Education. One of his innovations at the Treasury was the introduction of premium bonds,[114] announced in his budget of 17 April 1956. Browse 1,055 harold macmillan stock photos and images available or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. The treasury was his portfolio, but he did not recognise the financial disaster that could result from US government actions. After the Skybolt Crisis undermined the Anglo-American strategic relationship, he sought a more active role for Britain in Europe, but his unwillingness to disclose United States nuclear secrets to France contributed to a French veto of the United Kingdom's entry into the European Economic Community. In 1929 Lady Dorothy began a lifelong affair with the Conservative politician Robert Boothby, an arrangement that scandalised high society but remained unknown to the general public. [59] Macmillan Press also published the work of the economist John Maynard Keynes. I am passionately in love with her. In June 1944 he argued for a British-led thrust up the Ljubljana Gap into Central Europe (Operation "Armpit") instead of the planned diversion of US and Free French forces to the South of France (Operation Dragoon). He was "unique in the affection of the British people". Even then, 'Boothby used to write nearly every day, as well as telephoning most days, and Lady Dorothy would scurry downstairs first thing in the morning to snatch up the post before Macmillan saw it. ; and because of the Maclean-Burgess affair of 1951 the Americans believed the British government was full of Soviet spies and thus could not be trusted. Macmillan's wartime diaries were better received. 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