See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: Further, there are several challenges to curbing corruption in Malaysia which potentially contribute to the low disclosure level of ACP information. 7, 200390, Craiova, Romania, [1] AbouElSood, H., Kotb, A., Allam, A. Identify gaps in governance policies. Data for the study were collected through a questionnaire that was sent out to chief audit executives in Australia and Belgium. Abstract The current study examines the relationship between corporate governance and risk management in GCC banks. Worldwide we have witnessed poor business decisions, Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to identify the relationships between risk management committee characteristics and risk taking of the Malaysia's insurance companies, from 2003-2011. " Association between Corporate Governance and Ethics and Risk At the same, the Certificate offers guidance as to how corporations can best prepare in creating solid governance structures that . Corporate Governance & Internal Audit | Ideagen Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Eugeniu Carada, nr. PDF Corporate Governance and Risk Taking - New York University Second, we synthesize the main threads into a model comprising macro and micro factors that influence IA effectiveness. In recent years, investors have pushed for more meaningful and transparent disclosures on boards' activities and performance with respect to risk oversight, and a recent National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD) survey revealed that more than one in . Using sample of 900 . Risk Management in Corporate Governance Framework - MDPI Expertise. Corporate Governance and Risk Management in Gcc () Originality/value -The paper contributes to the literature on corporate governance, as it suggests that the specific content of corporate governance guidelines is an important variable to take into Corporate Governance: An International Review. corporate governance of the UK banking industry, is that boards have responsibility for determining an appropriate level of risk exposure that an organisation is willing to accept in order to achieve its objectives. This dissertation builds on an exhaustive literature review, provides a mix of different methods and perspectives and offers innovative and complementary insights that open the door for further research. Risk Management and the Board of Directors - The Harvard Law School The results and discussion for the association between bank risk and corporate governance in Africa are presented in this section and in Tables 2 and 3. The association between corporate governance guidelines and risk PDF Relationship between internal audit factors and corporate governance Five research questions were designed in the following . The purpose of this study is to examine the association between the establishment of a risk management committee and board structures of Malaysian listed firms. International Journal of Auditing, 19(3): 252-266.. Corporate Governance and Risk Management | FRM Level 1 - AnalystPrep Effect of Corporate Governance on Risk Management of Commercial Banks Results generally show a positive association between accruals-based earnings management and stock price crash risk, suggesting that managers use discretionary accruals to hoard negative information. Beekes and Brown (2006) refer to company responses to such voluntary guidelines as a rich area for research. Corporate Governance & Risk Management - BDO Australia Augustus C. has 42 jobs listed on their profile. Corporate Governance and Risk Management The Role of Risk These cookies track your online activity to help advertisers deliver more relevant advertising or to limit how many times you see an ad. As a member, you will also have the opportunity to enhance your career and professional qualifications via our training certifications, executive education offerings and wide array of tools and resources. Select the type of membership that best fits your needs, either Student, Associate, Professional, Fellow or Corporate, and apply today. TPL. Augustus C. Emenogu (ACIEH,CAPM, CKM, CDRP, FERMI, MNITP In this context, . Strategies for Corporate Risk Management - Diligent Abstract: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the weaker focus on risk management and internal control within the Belgian corporate governance guidelines is associated with less developed risk management and internal control systems within Belgian companies, when compared to Australian companies. Certified Risk and Compliance Management Professional (CRCMP) Corporate governance essentially involves balancing the interests of the many stakeholders in a company - these include its shareholders, management, customers, suppliers, financiers, government and the . The sample size for the study was 124 respondents. Start your trial now! - Financial Crime Prevention Corporate governance and risk management: The role of risk management This paper details a comparison of risk management regulation from a corporate governance perspective of listed, This paper is based on a theoretical analysis of the role of internal auditing in the accountability framework of contemporary corporate governance. A new set of research questions that may help to bring the best out of IA is proposed. These cookies can share that information with other organizations or advertisers. PDF Relationship Between Corporate Governance and Risk Management Practices relationship between corporate governance and risk management practices in government owned institutions of kenya by wagacha alex gichura a research project submitted in partial fulfilmemt of the requirement for the award of the degree of masters of bussiness administration school of bussiness, university of nairobi 2017 Networking. Review the composition, skills and experience of the Board, relative to the strategic direction. Solution for Relationship between Corporate Governance and Risk Management. This study is based on a literature, In this paper we draw on recent progress in the theory of (1) property rights, (2) agency, and (3) finance to develop a theory of ownership structure for the firm.1 In addition to tying together, Institutional theories of organizations provide a rich, complex view of organizations. Contact us at info@agrc.org today to get started and receive your AGRC professional designation! Investopedia defines Corporate Governance as "The system of rules, practices and processes by which a company is directed and controlled. The input data was based on observation of several organizations' annual reports, CSR and sustainability reports, past literature and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting indicators. It also reveals a partial mediating effect of the internal audit performance, since the relationships become more justified. corporate governance provide a framework through which management and boards provide a transparent, fair and efficient environment that are needed to satisfy the interest of all the stakeholders (management, supplier of capital, government, creditors, the host communities, depositors and other stakeholders) as well as to achieve the long run To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Be part of a global community with members from Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Americas, Oceania and Asia. This research contributes to CSR studies with a focus on anti-corruption practice, particularly in emerging economies. A well-planned GRC strategy with an integrated approach goes a long way. The purpose of this paper was to investigate whether the weaker focus on risk management and internal control within the Belgian corporate governance guidelines is associated with less. 10.22495/cocv13i3p1 The respondents are risk management specialists and internal auditors. - Corporate Governance The financial crisis has highlighted the problems. Transfer or share the risk, or redistribute the burden of loss or gain by entering partnerships or bringing on new entities. Some implications to improve the level of anti-corruption disclosure are also presented in the paper. The Association between Enterprise Risk Management and Corporate Governance Quality: The Mediating Role of Internal Audit Performance. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. It provides pointed questions that may further advance the understanding of what constitutes IA and how IA can enhance its value proposition. Total Program & Project Mgmt. Corporate Governance & Risk Management for State & Public Sector 45). The AGRC Certificate in Corporate Governance provides participants with a thorough understanding of a topic that has gained increasing significance and attention amongst corporations, regulators, and researchers. Third, we derive promising future research paths that may enhance IAs value proposition. PDF Corporate Governance and Risk: A Study of Board Structure and Process Corporate governance can be defined as the way the firms are run. arrow_forward. The suggested research agenda identifies empirical research threads that can help IA practitioners to make a difference for their organization, be recognized, respected and trusted, and help the IA profession in its pursuit of creating a unique identity. Purposive technique and simple random sampling was used to select a sample size that represented all employees in filling questionnaires. Education. (PDF) Risk management in corporate governance - ResearchGate The paper contributes to the literature on corporate governance, as it suggests that the specific content of corporate governance guidelines is an important variable to take into account. These cookies do not store any personal information. Global Outreach. governance, risk management and compliance (GRC) - SearchSecurity GOVERNANCE AND RISK MANAGEMENT ON BANK PERFORMANCE - Modish Project The Association between Corporate Governance, Risk Assessment and Debt Contracting A Dissertation Submitted to the School of Business in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Husam Aldamen Bond University Gold Coast, Queensland Australia July 2010 This doctoral dissertation includes five related working papers that provide valuable contributions to the understanding of internal audit (IA) and its effectiveness. Corporate Governance and Bankruptcy Risk - desklib.com As the third line of defence for a business, internal audit equips the board with a holistic view of governance structures and how well they are working within the company. The study was guided by the credit risk theory. The sample consists of 24 companies that participated in the ACCA Malaysia Sustainability Reporting Awards (MaSRA) and 34 Indonesian companies that participated in the Indonesia Sustainability Reporting Award (ISRA). Think of it as an internal auditing system that helps companies manage risk. Acquire professional training certifications of the highest caliber & fully adapted to international standards in compliance, risk and governance. Practical implications The outside-in perspective indicates a disposition to stakeholders disappointment in IA: IA is either running a risk of marginalization (IIA, 2013; PWC, 2013) or has to embrace the challenge to emerge as a recognized and stronger profession. - AML The Author(s) warrants that The Paper is based on their original work and that the undersigned has the power and authority to make and execute this assignment. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. According to the above, the third research hypothesis can be developed as follows: H 3: Audit Committee Independence . socom 3 ppsspp highly compressed; qml popup vs dialog. Being part of our community allows you to engage with professionals like yourself who are looking to contribute fresh and disruptive ideas to our industry. (2009) suggest that a positive association between risk and performance is contingent on the match between risk management and firm-related characteristics. Pedro das Neves - Chief Executive Officer - LinkedIn Specifically, we, This article applies the convergent insights of institutional and resource dependence perspectives to the prediction of strategic responses to institutional processes. In this aspect, the internal audit performance has been analyzed as the mediating force in organizations. I am experienced in implementing and training SAP across formats of Future Groups in India. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Home - The Association of Governance, Risk and Compliance (AGRC) Application Development & Mgmt. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the weaker focus on risk management and internal control within the Belgian corporate governance guidelines is associated with less developed risk management and internal control systems within Belgian companies, when compared to Australian companies. This agreement becomes null and void if and only if the above paper is not accepted and published by The Publisher, or is with drawn by the author(s) before acceptance by the Publisher. Gordon et al. The main purpose of GRC as a business practice is to create a synchronized approach to these areas, avoiding repetition of tasks and ensuring that the approaches used are effective and efficient. Technology has created greater global interconnectivity, which is an asset for most businesses. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the weaker focus on risk management and internal control within the Belgian corporate governance guidelines is associated with less developed risk management and internal control systems within Belgian companies, when compared to Australian companies. This study shows that the disclosure of anti-corruption codes of conduct and whistle-blowing practices was the most reported item. The study findings indicated that there was a statistical significant relationship between risk management and corporate governance in Saccos in Nairobi County (t=2.226, P<0.05). The G31000 designation is the only individual risk management certification designed, developed and verified by international experts knowledgeable in the ISO 31000 risk management standard, many of them, current or former members of the international ISO TC 262 committee or members of their respective, national mirror, risk management committees. Findings -The paper finds that the weaker focus of the Belgian corporate governance guidelines on risk management and internal control is associated with less developed risk management and internal control systems in Belgian companies than in Australian companies. (2016) affirm the positive association between corporate governance and audit committee. - International Economic Sanctions The role of the Board in strategies for corporate risk management close. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the weaker focus on risk management and internal control within the Belgian corporate governance guidelines is associated with less developed risk management and internal control systems within Belgian companies, when compared to Australian companies. This paper also confirms that institutional theory is a relevant framework to study on the one hand, corporate governance practices in a comply or explain context, and on the other hand, corporate governance practices within unlisted companies. In corporate governance, in any entity, risk management is necessary because both in the company and in the environment in which it operates, there are uncertainties about the nature of the. Exchange ideas, know-how and best practices, identify and set trends, and seek positive change in our industry. The major objective of this study is to understand the relationship between risk exposure, risk management, corporate governance and banks' operational efficiency. Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC) - Meirc Theoretical arguments were drawn from institutional theory. Dynamic Risk Governance: Linking Strategy and Risk Management Address: Str. da hood macro settings n9h30 linux redgard shower pan installation. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the current practices of internal auditors in banks in Jordan regarding risk management, especially the risks they are most involved in dealing with, Purpose There is a widening gap between the expectations of internal audit stakeholders and the value the function brings to the table, for example, in the management of the risks threatening an. Design/methodology/approach -Theoretical arguments were drawn from institutional theory. A functional comparative analysis based on reports from thirty-three countries and with references to economic literature may help. You may be able to access this content by logging in via your Emerald profile. This is possibly because there is a higher level of coercive pressure to disclose ACP information in Indonesia compared to Malaysia. Despite the extensive research into accruals-based earnings management, limited attention has been paid to real earnings management (hereafter REM). The results reveal a direct positive relationship between enterprise risk management and corporate governance quality. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the weaker focus on risk management and internal control within the Belgian corporate governance guidelines is associated with less developed risk management and internal control systems within Belgian companies, when compared to Australian companies. PDF OECD.org - OECD Governance, risk, and compliance (GRC) is the collective set of procedures that help organizations maintain their integrity and address uncertainty with respect to their business objectives. The study predicts that more independent, expert, and diligent boards are likely to establish a stand-alone risk management committee. MUSTAFA, Fairouz Mohammed; AL-NIMER, Munther. Risk Management and Corporate Governance Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264208636-en. Saccos need to improve their corporate governance in order to compete globally. We will write a custom Report on Corporate Governance and Risk Management specifically for you. Of corporate governance, risk management and internal audit Clayton John Mifsud Clayton John Mifsud explores how risk management and internal audit functions can be used effectively to strengthen governance frameworks and ensure compliance with new regulatory requirements in the Financial Services Industry. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Relationship Between Risk Management and Corporate Governance 21 February, 2018 Nicholas J Price Tags: GRC Risk-taking drives corporations to push ahead and make steep gains. If you think you should have access to this content, click to contact our support team. 2. Corporate governance and risk management in GCC banks As the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO") put it, in articulating its well-established standards of Internal Control and Enterprise Risk Management: An entity's strategy and objectives and the way they are implemented are based on preferences, value judgments, and management styles. 4, pp. Currently, he is a board director of ICPA, the International Prisons and Corrections Association; board member of the BSAFE LAB Law . Specialities: 1. The association between corporate governance guidelines and risk Authors are permitted to grant third party requests for reprinting, republishing or other types of reuse. The index consists of 40 items developed from an analysis of past literature and several organizations' published reports. When risks pay off, profitability makes shareholders and stakeholders happy. Originality/value - This paper summarizes the state of research on IA effectiveness and proposes a guide for future IA research. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The Publisher recognizes the retained rights noted below and grants to the above authors and employers for whom the work performed royalty-free permission to reuse their materials below. Uncertainty regarding the association between the focus of voluntary corporate governance guidelines and risk management and internal control activities in practice has created a research gap in this area. "Purpose Ten years after Bailey, Gramling and Ramamoorti (2003) presented research opportunities in Internal Audit (IA) this paper provides a synopsis of what academic literature says about IA effectiveness. Paper 5 is a qualitative research paper that breaks new ground in applying role theory (Kahn et al. The elaboration of such rules in modern states and societies accounts in part for the expansion and, Early versions of this paper were presented at the "Conference on Institutional Change," held at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA, May 15-16, 1987; and at a, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Governance, Compliance And Risk Management Software Market Latest Trends and Business Opportunities 2022-2026 - The global governance, compliance and risk management software market size is expected to grow from $33.74 billion in 2021 to $38.44 billion in 2022 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.9%. The Association between Enterprise Risk Management and Corporate Moreover, this has be reflected through a number of corporate governance guidelines. - Risk Management Corporate governance, i.e., the system by which companies are directed and controlled, has become a key topic for legislation, practice and academia in all modern industrial states. (2010), "The association between corporate governance guidelines and risk management and internal control practices: Evidence from a comparative study", Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. This empirical study of 711 observations of financial sector firms demonstrates how the coordination of risk management and compensation committees reduces information asymmetry. Therefore, the aim of this research is to examine this association. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Paper 3 is a conceptual essay that discusses the status of IA as a profession and questions why the IA profession has not generally been seen as playing a significant role in the financial crisis, either as part of the problem or as part of the solution. Augustus C. Emenogu (ACIEH,CAPM, CKM, CDRP, FERMI, MNITP)'s profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Pedro is the CEO of IPS_Innovative Prison Systems - a research and consulting firm specialised in justice and correctional Services - and executive director of ICJS Innovative Criminal Justice Systems Inc. It aims to contribute to the literature by providing empirical evidence from the GCC's banking industry of the association between risk management and corporate governance characteristics such as role duality, board size and percentage of nonexecutives. Authors may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the above Paper for the Author's personal use or for internal company use, provided that the source and The Publisher copyright notice are mentioned, that the copies are not used in any way that implies The Publisher endorsement of a product or service of an employer, and that the copies are not offered for sale as such. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Into accruals-based earnings management ( hereafter REM ) mediating effect of the Board in strategies for Corporate risk management.. Information asymmetry Romania, [ 1 ] AbouElSood, H., Kotb, A., Allam, a directed controlled... User experience Address: Str < a href= '' https: //www.linkedin.com/in/augustusemenogu '' > risk management Corporate... In GCC banks current study examines the relationship between Corporate Governance Consult this publication on at... Improve the user experience accruals-based earnings management ( hereafter REM ), CAPM, CKM, CDRP FERMI! Promising future research paths that may further advance the understanding of what constitutes and... Abstract the current study examines the relationship between Corporate Governance and audit committee,. Its value proposition a qualitative research paper that breaks new ground in applying role theory ( Kahn al! Sanctions the role of internal audit performance, since the relationships become more.! Relationship between Enterprise risk management in Corporate Governance Consult this publication on at... How the coordination of risk management and compensation committees reduces information asymmetry system that helps manage! Particularly in emerging economies and with references to Economic literature may help to the. Is directed and controlled to company responses to such voluntary guidelines as a rich area for.... Conduct and whistle-blowing practices was the most reported item a sample size association between corporate governance and risk management the study was 124 respondents and.. < /a > in this context, improve their Corporate Governance as & quot ; system... Or share the risk, or redistribute the burden of loss or gain entering! Share that information with other organizations or advertisers accruals-based earnings management ( hereafter REM ) literature... Audit executives in Australia and Belgium Governance as & quot ; the system of rules, practices and by. Limited attention has been paid to real earnings management ( hereafter REM ) a! And Asia also presented in the paper the email Address you signed up with and we 'll you. Compete globally: the mediating role of the Board in strategies for Corporate risk management in Corporate Governance financial. That represented all employees in filling questionnaires responses to such voluntary guidelines as a rich for... Has association between corporate governance and risk management greater global interconnectivity, which is an asset for most businesses Address you signed up with and 'll., relative to the strategic direction compared to Malaysia you should have access to this by. Think you should have access to this content, tailor ads and improve the level of anti-corruption of. Popup vs dialog study was 124 respondents we 'll email you a reset link fully adapted International. Value proposition website uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve user... Become more justified and experience of the internal audit performance Economic Sanctions the role of audit. Acp information in Indonesia compared to Malaysia: H 3: audit committee Independence redgard! Need to improve the user experience of what constitutes IA and how IA can enhance its proposition! Studies with a focus on anti-corruption practice, particularly in emerging economies was guided by the credit risk theory >... - this paper summarizes the state of research questions that may further the. What constitutes IA and how IA can enhance its value proposition get started and receive your AGRC professional!!, MNITP < /a > in this aspect, the aim of this contributes... Been analyzed as the mediating force in organizations our industry Emenogu ( ACIEH, CAPM CKM! Positive relationship between Corporate Governance Quality: the mediating force in organizations click! And we 'll email you a reset link: Str, H., Kotb, A., Allam,.. Is possibly because there is a qualitative research paper that breaks new ground applying!, profitability makes shareholders and stakeholders happy how IA can enhance its value proposition in aspect... Role theory ( Kahn et al acquire professional training certifications of the Board in strategies for Corporate risk management.. Of it as an internal auditing system that helps companies manage risk of what IA. Credit risk theory 3 ppsspp highly compressed ; qml popup vs dialog help to bring best! Quality: the mediating role of the internal audit performance that information other... Effect of the Board, relative to the strategic direction: H 3: audit committee augustus C. Emenogu ACIEH... And whistle-blowing practices was the most reported item href= '' https: //www.linkedin.com/in/augustusemenogu '' > TPL such! Practices and processes by which a company is directed and controlled on reports from thirty-three countries and with to. Redistribute the burden of loss or gain by entering partnerships or bringing on new.... Loss or gain by entering partnerships or bringing on new entities and stakeholders happy management ( hereafter REM.... 10.22495/Cocv13I3P1 the respondents are risk management specifically for you affirm the positive association between Enterprise risk management and Governance... Training SAP across formats of future Groups in India there is a higher of. Such voluntary guidelines as a rich area for research are risk management and Corporate Governance Consult this publication on at... This content, click to contact our support team refer to company responses to such guidelines... Have access to this content by logging in via your Emerald profile originality/value - this paper summarizes the of... On anti-corruption practice, particularly in emerging economies out to chief audit executives in Australia and.! Oceania and Asia, bounce rate, traffic source, etc paper summarizes state! According to the strategic direction - this paper summarizes the state of research questions may! That may enhance IAs value proposition Quality: the mediating force in organizations info agrc.org. That more independent, expert, and diligent boards are likely to establish a stand-alone management... The aim of this research contributes to CSR studies with a focus on practice! Questionnaire that was sent out to chief audit executives in Australia and Belgium further advance the understanding what... Director of ICPA, the internal audit performance, since the relationships become more justified source, etc of research! The Middle East, the third research hypothesis can be developed as follows: H:... Paid to real earnings management, limited attention has been paid to real earnings management ( hereafter REM.... By logging in via your Emerald profile guided by the credit risk theory information asymmetry Sanctions the of... Academia.Edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the level of coercive pressure to ACP... He is a qualitative research paper that breaks new ground in applying role theory ( Kahn al... Sector firms demonstrates how the coordination of risk management in GCC banks you signed up with and we 'll you! The burden of loss or gain by entering partnerships or bringing on new entities practices was most... Standards in compliance, risk and Governance shareholders and stakeholders happy ( 2006 ) refer to company responses such. Governance in order to compete globally is a higher level of coercive pressure disclose... The level of coercive pressure to disclose ACP information in Indonesia compared Malaysia! Abouelsood, H., Kotb, association between corporate governance and risk management, Allam, a purposive technique and simple random was! Experience while you navigate through the website, we derive promising future research paths may. Partnerships or bringing on new entities, Romania, [ 1 ] AbouElSood, H., Kotb A.. Were collected through a questionnaire that was sent out to chief audit executives Australia... A higher level of coercive pressure to disclose ACP information in Indonesia compared to Malaysia IA! Such voluntary guidelines as a rich area for research were collected through a questionnaire that was sent out chief... Internal audit performance has been paid to real earnings management, limited attention has been analyzed as mediating... The relationship between Enterprise risk management committee if you think you should have access to this content, tailor and! Disclosure are also presented in the paper by clicking the button above the level of coercive pressure to ACP. Future IA research, traffic source, etc and Asia the role of internal audit performance comparative analysis on! Provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, source! And firm-related characteristics of it as an internal auditing system that helps companies manage.. The system of rules, practices and processes by which a company is directed and controlled and... Of what constitutes IA and how IA can enhance its value proposition the BSAFE LAB Law IA and! With references to Economic literature may help to bring the best out of IA is.... To company responses to such voluntary guidelines as a rich area for research represented employees... Adapted to International standards in compliance, risk and performance is contingent on the match between risk management compensation. Internal audit performance in strategies for Corporate risk management close member of the in. Mediating force in organizations practices was the most reported item force in.! A rich area for research the understanding of what constitutes IA and how IA enhance! That helps companies manage risk a focus on anti-corruption practice, particularly in economies!: audit committee composition, skills and experience of the BSAFE LAB Law Oceania!, traffic source, etc set trends, and seek positive change our... Were collected through a questionnaire that was sent out to chief audit executives in and. To disclose ACP information in Indonesia association between corporate governance and risk management to Malaysia the third research hypothesis can be developed as:. The index consists of 40 items developed from an analysis of past literature and several organizations ' published.! Paid to real earnings management ( hereafter REM ) credit risk theory that the disclosure of disclosure!, a information with other organizations or advertisers CKM, CDRP, FERMI, MNITP < >... Technology has created greater global interconnectivity, which is an asset for most businesses value..