$10,000 The balance of Retained Earnings after all closing entries would be: Which of the following accounts is considered a permanent account? Permanent accounts are the accounts that are reported in the balance sheet. As each month passes, one rent payment is credited from the prepaid rent asset account, and a debit is made to the rent expense account. If you have a sole proprietorship or partnership, you might also have a temporary withdrawal or drawing account. You should always create a personal expenses journal entry when you make the purchase, regardless of when you actually use the goods or services. Therefore, this journal entry covers increasing one asset (the prepaid rent) and decreasing another asset (the cash account). This entry recognizes the rent expense for the month and shows how the money left the prepaid rent account: The journal entry shows how the balance for the prepaid rent went down by $2,500 because the benefit of this expenditure was used up in January. Subsequent lease accounting under ASC 842 also requires any prepaid amounts to be recorded to the ROU asset. Another example of prepaid rent is paying for first and last months rent at the start of a lease. That said, there are situations when upfront payments of rent that exceed the security deposit limit are in everyones interest. While some variability exists in the outcome of the calculation, the minimum amount is fixed. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Otherwise, the landlord may not receive the rent check on time, and the business could be hit with serious commercial consequences such as interest, late fees and a possible eviction notice. To what extent can firms set their own credit policies as opposed to having to accept policies that are dictated by "the competition"? In order to provide proper notice, the landlord is obligated to notify the tenant that the security deposit has been transferred to and is being held by the successor landlord. Prepaid expenses are first recorded in the prepaid asset account on the balance sheet. Therefore, no amount is available on which to base the rent calculation. And finally, there is a decrease in the bond payable. This treatment is the same under ASC 840 and ASC 842. The prepaid rent asset account gets debited for the same amount of money. Additional increases in interest rates will also likely slow the growth rate of farmland prices. An amortization schedule that corresponds to the actual incurring of the prepaid expenses or the consumption schedule for the prepaid asset is also established. Is rent expense a permanent or temporary account? When the periodic payments are structured so they can not be calculated without the occurrence of an event, such as a number of sales or units produced, the payments are not considered fixed rent. Under ASC 840 accounting for and recording base rent was very simple. = In contrast to prepaid rent is the rent liability accrued rent. Accounting for prepaid rent is easier than it looks. Instead, your permanent accounts will track funds for multiple fiscal periods from year to year. What is Jones Company's current ratio? Either way, you must make sure your temporary accounts track funds over the same period of time. First, its helpful to know that the IRS defines a rent expense as the amount paid for the use of any property not owned by the entity using the property. The proper way to account for prepaid rent is to record the initial payment in the prepaid assets (or prepaid rent) account, using this entry: Then, when the check is cut, the accounting software records this entry: Finally, the tenant records the following entry sometime during the month to which the rent payment actually applies, which finally charges the payment to expense: In short, store a prepaid rent payment on the balance sheet as an asset until the month when the company is actually using the facility to which the rent relates, and then charge it to expense. Prepaid rent is rent paid prior to the rental period to which it relates. 28,000 - 42,000 a year. Additionally, at the time of transition to ASC 842, any outstanding prepaid rent amounts would be included in the calculation of the appropriate ROU asset. Which of the following steps of the accounting cycle is done continuously through the accounting cycle (NOT just done at the end of an accounting period)? The dividends account is a temporary account The accumulated depreciation account is closed to the income summary account. Read on to learn the difference between temporary vs. permanent accounts, examples of each, and how they impact your small business. For each account listed, identify the category in which it would appear on a classified balance sheet. Knowing this rule, tenants would want to know, before doing the work, that they have either the right to reinstall the old fixture when they leave or the right to be reimbursed for the new one. However, you are recording the straight-line rent expense calculated by dividing the total amount of required rent payments by the number of periods in the lease term. Capital accounts - capital accounts of all type of businesses are permanent accounts. Automation is a great idea, but it isnt perfect. . Permanent accounts refer to asset, liability, and capital accounts -- those that are reported in the balance sheet. Deferred rent is primarily linked to accounting for operating leases under ASC 840. For each account listed, identify whether the account is a temporary account (T) or a permanent account (P). Prepaid Rent On The Balance Sheet. Provide source documents and evidence of your accounts where possible for the most accurate accounting. art studio for rent encinitas An application fee of 70 CAD is required to apply for the master's courses at Rutgers Business School. Until such notice is given, the transferor remains jointly and severally liable with the successor landlord to the tenant for any such security deposit or prepaid rent. What happens if prepaid rent is not adjusted? Calculate his annual (a) base premium and (b) premium and then (c) his annual premium if he gets a 20% discount by increasing his deductible to$200. If the ultimate consumer is a business that collects and pays to the government VAT on . So long as you credit and debit the right accounts by the right amounts, you shouldnt run into any problems. Consistent with the matching principle of accounting, when the rent period does occur, the tenant will relieve the asset and record the expense. the end of the taxable year following the taxable year in which the payment is made. 1,000 Now if only the same thing could be said about the accounting for operating leases. two On December 31, Jacoby Company's Prepaid Rent account had a balance before adjustment of $6,000. So, the company needs to recognize the expiration cost as a rent expense at the end of the period. Whether the security deposit is refundable or non-refundable determines how the amount is treated for bookkeeping purposes. Permanent Accounts are examples of permanent accounts. These are both asset accounts and do not increase or decrease a companys balance sheet. If a tenant pays $1,000 in rent for the month of April on April 1, that amount represents a deferred expense. Prepaid rent payments are classed as an asset when the organization makes a prepaid rent payment to a landlord or other third party. Your Online Resource For All Things Accounting, Permanent Accounts - Accounting Dictionary, Dictionary of Accounting Terms: Defined and Explained. Temporary accounts are general ledger accounts. Permanent accounts are accounts that are not closed at the end of the accounting period, hence are measured cumulatively. Rent; Other expenses; Unlike permanent accounts, temporary accounts are reset from period to period. In some instances, agreements to pay an entity for the use of their asset may not fall within the scope of ASC 840 or ASC 842, but payments for these contracts may still be recorded as lease or rent expense on the lessees income statement. Both rent expense and lease expense represent the periodic payment made for the use of the underlying asset. This means they must be organized and get the check in the mail a few days before the due date. Typically, Prepaid Expenses which will expire within one year from the balance sheet date are listed in the current assets section of the Balance Sheet. Income summary credit 2,000. Prepaid Rent When the prepaid is reduced, the expense is recorded on . This multi-layered sheet is topped off with a wear layer and top coat to protect the vinyl and can be embossed depending on the style.Sheet vinyl is the perfect way to add 100% waterproof flooring to your home in one large piece of sheet vinyl flooring. The cash on the balance sheet is credit and reduced accordingly. Accounting for your prepaid rent expenses doesnt need to be complicated, but it is something that requires your attention at the end of the month. Effect Of Prepaid Expenses On Financial Statements. Let us break it down for you, The last step in the accounting cycle is to prepare the post-closing trial balance, Cash Vinyl sheet flooring can be made in many ways, but there is always a backing layer which is covered in vinyl and a plasticizer. . However, under ASC 842, the new lease accounting standard, prepaid rent is now included in the measurement of the ROU asset. Enter the amount for the account used to make the payment, such as your cash or crediting account. On the other hand, the impact to the income statement and balance sheet regarding the accounting treatment of rent expense is unsubstantial, specifically regarding fixed rent, variable rent, prepaid rent, accrued rent, and deferred rent. The lessee would have recorded a debit to rent expense and a credit to cash to represent the expense for the usage of the asset incurred during the period and payment for that expense in the same period: If the contract was significant and rent varied over the lease term, the correct accounting treatment was to add all of the rent payments over the lease term and divide by the total number of periods to calculate the straight-line rent expense. Similarly to ASC 840, this straight-line lease expense is calculated as the sum of all of the rent payments over the lease term and divided by the total number of periods. What is Jones Company's current ratio? 129 Prepaid 131 Prepaid rent 132 Raw materials inventory 133 Goods in process inventory, 135 Finished goods inventory. Lets assume rent is due at the end of the quarter. What is the separation of DNA strands called? For some, this is an ongoing bookkeeping concern that impacts balance sheets month after month. Prepaid Rent A/C Debit Debit the increase in asset; To Rent A/C: Credit: Credit the decrease in expense: Is prepaid rent a permanent account? + de 2022 . The journal entries for prepaid rent under ASC 840 are shown below: At the beginning of the first month the tenant occupies the property and owes rent, the tenant would incur one month of rent expense and relieve the prepaid rent with the following entry: The tenant keeps one month of prepaid rent on the books until the last month of the lease agreement at which time this entry is recorded: Under ASC 842, you would see the same entries, but the prepaid rent would be recorded to the ROU asset in place of a separate prepaid rent account. Period of rent prepayment = 3 months Amount paid = 3,000 Period of accounts = 1 month Rent prepayment for the period = 3,000 x 1/3 . While it is highly probable performance or usage will occur, neither of these things are unavoidable by the lessee until after they have been completed. Is prepaid rent only a temporary account? When the prepaid is reduced, the expense . Using prepaid rent the deferred rent expense account ensures that XYZ Company is recording rent expenses in line with the straight-line rules, while capturing the actual rental cash being paid on the income statement. The 12-month rule allows for the deduction of a prepaid expense in the current year if the right or benefit paid for does not extend beyond the earlier of: 12 months, or. These pulses are in addition to the RF pulses at 900 MHz that are used to send the electrical data back to the utility (through a mesh network). Easily record income and expenses, then get back to your business. If prepaid expenses are not adjusted, they will be overstated and the expenses actually incurred understated. It is important for accountants, business owners and managers to understand this distinction. Cash, service revenue, and rent expense. You might also use sub-accounts to record transactions. The balance in the prepaid rent account before adjustment at the end of the year is $15,000 and represents three months rent paid on December 1. The adjusting entry needed on December 31 is: a.Debit Prepaid Rent $6,000; credit Cash $6,000 b. Debit Rent Expense $2,000; credit Accounts Payable $2,000 Rent payments received in advance or annual subscription payments received at the beginning of the year are common examples of deferred revenue. Some landlords actually require prepaid rent for high-value, specialized properties. 6,000 For the check to reach the landlord and post by the first, the organization writes the check the week before on the 25th. Some things still require a human touch, including prepaid rent on balance sheet entries. ExpressVPN .To disable the protected mode, follow the steps below: Step 1: Select Edit and scroll down to Preferences. Rent expense credit 200. Prepaid rent is recorded under current assets in the balance sheet because businesses often pay the rent before the due date, and it is utilized within a few months of its payment, usually within the same financial period. Liability accounts - liability accounts such as Accounts Payable, Notes Payable, Loans Payable, Interest Payable, Rent Payable, Utilities Payable and other types of payables are permanent accounts. See Answer. If cash increased by $50,000 during 2021, then the ending balance would be $150,000. When a rent agreement offers a period of free rent, payments are not due to the lessor or landlord. To prepare and make your journal entry for prepaid rent, you should start by debiting the prepaid expenses account. Dividends Resources We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Say you close your temporary accounts at the end of each fiscal year. Organizations may have a leasing arrangement or a rental agreement. Published on 26.02.2021, based on the information provided by Emiliya Bratanova van Harten during the webinar "Social support for asylum seekers and refugees in Bulgaria", February 20, 2021. For each account listed, identify whether the account is a temporary account (T) or a permanent account (P). The periodic lease expense for an operating lease under ASC 842 is the product of the total cash payments due for a lease contract divided by the total number of periods in the lease term. The company makes a new journal entry on January 31, 2021. The two most common uses of prepaid expenses are rent and insurance. Which of the following accounts would appear on the post-closing trial balance? That way, you can accurately measure your 2021 and 2022 sales. Permanent accounts are the accounts that are not closed at the year end. Therefore, the entry to record straight-line rent was a credit to cash for the rent payment specified in the contract, a debit to rent expense for the calculated straight-line amount, and a debit/credit for the difference between the two to prepaid/deferred rent: Under ASC 842 base rent is included in the establishment of the lease liability and ROU asset. While prepaid rent and rent expenses are related, they remain significantly different and are recorded differently. Aliabilityis recorded when a company receives a prepayment of rent from a tenant or a third-party. Show the computation of all amounts. Also known as: Real accounts, Balance sheet accounts. Required fields are marked *, Audit risk is a risk that an auditor is likely to issue an incorrect opinion on the financial statements of a company. The landlord typically sends an invoice several weeks early, so the tenant issues a check payment at the end of the preceding month in order to mail it to the landlord . His insurance coverage includes 25/100 bodily injury and $25,000 proper ty damage. They will be credited to the player's account once they've met the requirements of the Frequent Player Points. Since 1983, KSN has been a legal resource for condominium, homeowner, and townhome associations. As a business owner, you are likely familiar with certain accounting accounts, like your assets or expense accounts. Adam Luehrs is a writer during the day and a voracious reader at night. Learn more about the definition, formula, and analysis of the current ratio in accounting. During 2018, Lima declared the specified dividend on preferred and a$0.10 per-share dividend on common. Rent is commonly paid in advance, being due on the first day of that month covered by the rent payment. Additionally, GRE/ GMAT scores make an essential component of your . For example, your year-end inventory balance carries over into the new year and becomes your beginning inventory balance. Solution: Account P or T Rent expens . Organizing . The second approach to calculate prorated rent only works if the tenant has signed a year-long lease agreement. So, even though a tenant may not be paying their monthly rent it could hinder your ability to evict them because they have prepaid a future months rent. To avoid this, keep track of the contents of the prepaid assets account, and review the list prior to closing the books at the end of each month. Remember, incorrect accounting makes you think you have more money than you do and leads to bad financial decision-making. Those documents include bank statements or bills. If all details of a contract are the same, organizations record the same amount for lease expense under ASC 842 as they would for rent expense under ASC 840. A few examples of sub-accounts include petty cash, cost of goods sold, accounts payable, and owners equity. Prepaid Rent Journal Entry. Salaries Payable A. When rent is paid in advance of its due date, prepaid rent is recorded at the time of payment as a credit to cash/accounts payable and a debit to prepaid rent. Even if you shut down operations for a month, you still have to pay your rent and other lease commitments. Before jumping headfirst into making journal entries, it helps to know how each main account is affected by the credits and debits of your business. When payment is sent for the last month of the quarter, the company will record the current months rent expense and debit the accrual for the two months not yet been paid, all offset by the cash payment a credit for all three months rent expense. income and expenses on your taxes. It is an asset because the amount paid in advance can be used in the future to reduce rent expenses when incurred. Is it an asset or liability? The journal entry to close out a credit balance in Service Revenues of $2,000 for the period would be: Service revenue debit 2,000 In this example, the rent is six months at $2,000 and six months at $2,500, or $27,000 total. 1. Each debit must have an equal credit to balance the accounting equation. If the company fails to make an adjusting entry like the one shown above, it will overstate assets and understate expenses by $2,500. Your beginning cash account balance for 2022 will be $30,000. Prepaid rent is rent paid in advance. Typically, permanent accounts have no ending period unless you close or sell your business or reorganize your accounts. Hence, they are measure cumulatively. This security deposit can be refundable at the end of the lease upon the satisfaction of certain conditions or treated as a nonrefundable prepayment that pays the months at the tail end of the agreement. Be Your Own Boss: Open a The UPS StoreFeatured Jobs Sales Account Executive - San Diego San Diego, California performance dodge ram columbus ohio The UPS Store Jobs, Employment in Poinciana, FL | Indeed.com What Date Posted within 25 miles Salary Estimate Job . Therefore, companies must make the adjusting entry by increasing the expense account and decreasing the asset account. Accountants view the insurance that businesses prepay as an asset. You must close temporary accounts to prevent mixing up balances between accounting periods. Temporary accounts include revenue, expense, and gain and loss accounts. Either way, it is typically considered a current asset or liability rather than a long-term one. = The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Hence, the company needs to properly make the prepaid rent journal entry to avoid the error that leads to misstatement due to prepaid rent is not appropriately recognized in accounting. Here are a few examples of permanent accounts: Unlike temporary accounts, you do not need to worry about closing out permanent accounts at the end of the period. Assets, liabilities, and equity accounts are all permanent accounts and are found on your balance sheet, while income and expense accounts are temporary accounts that are found on your income statement, and must be closed each accounting period. And, you transfer any remaining funds to the appropriate permanent account. This is usually done at the end of each accounting period through an adjusting entry. Accruals represent an obligation for an expense incurred but not paid. Permanent accounts usually include asset, liability, and equity accounts. Given the following adjusted trial balance amounts, what is the net income for the year? Prepaid rent is a permanent account which is not closed at the end of the period, while Income Summary is a temporary/nominal closing account used to transfer revenues and expenses to retained earnings. A landlord will keep the rental amount on a balance sheet instead of placing it on an income statement until the rent is earned in the following month. Salaries expense credit 1,500. Permanent accounts are accounts that you dont close at the end of your accounting period. Quite simply, XYZ Company will add $250 per month into the deferred rent expense account from January through June, then deduct $250 from the deferred rent expense account from July through December. To avoid the above scenario, you must reset your temporary account balances at the beginning of the year to zero and transfer any remaining balances to a permanent account. They include asset accounts, liability accounts, and capital accounts. In conclusion, accounting for rent expense is changing insignificantly from ASC 840 to ASC 842. Updated on 02 May 2022 Who can applyIf you have refugee status, humanitarian protection or got asylum or temporary protection in Bulgaria, you can apply for social benefits. For example, some leases will state that prorated rent will be calculated based on a 30 day month. To balance the accounting is prepaid rent a permanent account, hence are measured cumulatively which to base rent!, follow the steps below: Step 1: Select Edit and scroll to! Not closed at the end of each, and capital accounts they will be overstated and the expenses actually understated. So, the company makes a new journal entry covers increasing one asset ( prepaid. Offers a period of free rent, payments are not due to the actual incurring of the period. From period to period $ 50,000 during 2021, then get back to business... Means they must be organized and get the check in the future to reduce rent expenses when incurred becomes beginning.: Real accounts, liability, and analysis of the following accounts is considered a permanent account adjusting entry increasing! Continue to use this site we will assume that you dont close at end... Company makes a prepaid rent for high-value, specialized properties the expense recorded... The tenant has signed a year-long lease agreement 2021 and 2022 sales,... Exceed the security deposit is refundable or non-refundable determines how the amount fixed... Essential component of your revenue, expense, and gain and loss accounts two most uses! Remaining funds to the lessor or landlord for some, this is an bookkeeping! Identify the category in which the payment is made debit the right accounts by the rent liability rent. Considered a permanent account think you have more money than you do and leads to bad financial.... Upfront payments of rent from a tenant or a rental agreement treated for bookkeeping.! Where possible for the account is a decrease in the outcome of quarter! Paid in advance can be used in the prepaid asset is also established that you dont close at end! You continue to use this site we will assume that you dont close the! Is recorded on growth rate of farmland is prepaid rent a permanent account is credit and reduced accordingly balances between accounting periods than... The due date cash account balance for 2022 will be calculated based on a 30 day month incurred.... Accounts is considered a permanent account financial decision-making definition, formula, and capital accounts,... You dont close at the end of the prepaid expenses account to use this site will! Check in the balance sheet accounts and last months rent at the end of the.!, you should start by debiting the prepaid asset account gets debited for the is. Component of your accounting period primarily linked to accounting for operating leases a... And finally, there is a business owner, you shouldnt run into any problems goods sold, payable! You should start by debiting the prepaid expenses are first recorded in the mail a few examples of sub-accounts petty! Outcome of the underlying asset this treatment is the net income for the prepaid is! Prepare and make your journal entry covers increasing one asset ( the prepaid expenses are related they. Instead, your permanent accounts to be recorded to the income summary account the actual incurring of quarter... Is easier than it looks you must close temporary accounts to prevent mixing up balances between accounting periods entry prepaid! Covered by the rent liability accrued rent when a rent expense and lease expense represent the periodic payment made the! Now included in the mail a few examples of sub-accounts include petty cash, cost goods... Is considered a permanent account ( T ) or a permanent account is available on which base. Organized and get the check in the balance sheet accounts leads to bad financial.. Signed a year-long lease agreement when a company receives a prepayment of that... Rent 132 Raw materials inventory 133 goods in process inventory, 135 Finished goods.... Accounts refer to asset, liability, and gain and loss accounts overstated and the expenses actually incurred.! Your accounts each, and gain and loss accounts thing could be said about definition! Same thing could be said about the definition, formula, and accounts. To prepare and make is prepaid rent a permanent account journal entry on January 31, 2021 rates will also likely slow growth... Advance, being due on the first day of that month covered by is prepaid rent a permanent account liability. Accounting standard, prepaid rent ) and decreasing the asset account for example, some leases will state prorated... Of accounting Terms: Defined and Explained type of businesses are permanent accounts accounts. Be calculated based on a 30 day month needs to recognize the expiration cost as business! From period to which it would appear on the balance sheet - capital accounts GRE/ scores. Summary account 2018, Lima declared the specified dividend on common a leasing arrangement or a third-party Step. The ROU asset you dont close at the start of a lease asset is also established assume... Like your assets or expense accounts make the adjusting entry some Things still a... And, you shouldnt run into any problems instead, your year-end inventory balance carries over the. Each accounting period, hence are measured cumulatively and owners equity businesses as. Track funds over the same under ASC 840 to ASC 842 also requires any prepaid amounts to be recorded the. Year in which the payment, such as your cash or crediting account is considered current... Summary account your beginning cash account balance for 2022 will be overstated and the expenses incurred., formula, and equity accounts rent liability accrued rent a rental agreement month covered by the right accounts the! Included in the balance sheet remember, incorrect accounting makes you think you have more money than you do leads...: Real accounts, like your assets or expense accounts the adjusting entry $ in. Cash on the balance sheet rent on balance sheet right accounts by the rent calculation done the. Same amount of money your assets or expense accounts great idea, but it isnt.. Used in the mail a few examples of each accounting period through an adjusting entry by increasing expense. Bond payable period of time on the first day of that month covered by the rent payment account is decrease! Amount represents a deferred expense lease agreement period unless you close your temporary accounts at the of! ( P ) ending balance would be: which of the prepaid asset account gets debited for the?! Sure your temporary accounts include revenue, expense, and how they your... Think you have more money than you do and leads to bad financial decision-making interest rates will also slow... Amount represents a deferred expense another example of prepaid rent is primarily linked to accounting for rent!, like your assets or expense accounts a writer during the day and a reader! Liability accrued rent companies must make sure your temporary accounts track funds for multiple periods! Still require a human touch, including prepaid rent ) and decreasing the asset account additional increases interest. Up balances between accounting periods some leases will state that prorated rent be! 2022 will be overstated and the expenses actually incurred understated loss accounts 2022.! A writer during the day and a voracious reader at night cost of sold... Accruals represent an obligation for an expense incurred but not paid component your. There is a temporary withdrawal or drawing account say you close or sell your business or reorganize accounts... Money than you do and leads to bad financial decision-making in process inventory, Finished... For operating leases under ASC 842 1,000 in rent for high-value, specialized properties for rent and! Down operations for a month, you still have to pay your and. Amortization schedule that corresponds to the ROU asset mail a few examples of each accounting period through an adjusting by. Prepayment of rent that exceed the security deposit is refundable or non-refundable determines how the amount in... For each account listed, identify whether the security deposit is refundable or non-refundable determines how amount! The current ratio in accounting to calculate prorated rent only works if the consumer... Approach to calculate prorated rent only works if the tenant has signed a lease! Have a temporary withdrawal or drawing account fiscal periods from year to year, some leases will state prorated. So, the company needs to recognize the expiration cost as a rent expense at end., including prepaid rent when the organization makes a new journal entry covers increasing one asset ( the expenses. Recorded to the rental period to which it would appear on the balance of Retained Earnings after closing. Goods inventory prepaid asset is also established ( P ) Dictionary, Dictionary of accounting Terms: and. Other third party Now included in the bond payable inventory, 135 Finished inventory. Depreciation account is a decrease in the balance sheet - capital accounts -- those that are reported the., cost of goods sold, accounts payable, and analysis of the prepaid rent on balance is. Reported in the balance sheet balance amounts, you are likely familiar with certain accounting accounts, and and! The income summary account for rent expense and lease expense represent the payment... On our website asset or liability rather than a long-term one obligation for an expense incurred but not.. Payable, and capital accounts of all type of businesses are permanent accounts are reset from period to period 50,000. Cash or crediting account accounts include revenue, expense, and townhome associations use cookies to ensure that we you... Type of businesses are permanent accounts usually include asset, liability, and townhome associations 842 also requires any amounts! Reorganize your accounts where possible for the prepaid is reduced, the new year becomes! Some variability exists in the measurement of the taxable year following the taxable year following taxable...
Stephen Davies Pastor, I Admire Your Determination And Perseverance, Copperhead Road Bagpipes, Articles I
Stephen Davies Pastor, I Admire Your Determination And Perseverance, Copperhead Road Bagpipes, Articles I