carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses

After 48 h of incubation the most antiproliferative plant extract was Cynara cardunculus ssp. This species has been studied in depth by USDA entomologists as a natural enemy of musk thistle, but certainly should also be considered for importation into California for C. pycnocephalus control" (Goeden 1974). Catlogo de la Flora Vascular de Chile. [8][9] Its tendency to grow under the canopy of oaks increases the risk of wildfire damage to the trees, as fire can more easily spread to the canopy. The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. 1979). A significant amount of seed can be produced even if thistles are constantly mowed at 8 cm (Tasmanian Department of Agriculture 1977). pycnocephalus Name APPLYING HERBICIDES: Herbicides can be applied uniformly over an area (for large infestations) or by spot spraying only the individual plants. C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. C. pycnocephalus is a problem on Nature Conservancy property in this state and presents additional problems on grazed pastures. A winter annual, Carduus pycnocephalus stems range from 8 inches (20cm) to 6.6 feet (2.0m), and are glabrous to slightly wooly. 2019 Gary McDonald:!2008 Zoya Akulova:!2017 Gary McDonald:!2016 Ken Lunders:!2017 James Bailey:!2019 Cynthia Powell:!2017 Cynthia Powell:!2019 James Bailey:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2004 Carol W. Witham:! Former preserve manager Greg Wolley (1986) has used both hand pulling and cutting to destroy the plants at Ring Mountain Preserve, CA. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Carduus tenuiflorus var. C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! General information about Carduus pycnocephalus (CRUPY) Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. 2,4-D has been applied to C. pycnocephalus with limited success (Taylor 1977). Seedlings grow through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the late spring before the summer drought. .4-.6 in (1-1.4cm) long, and the fruits are brown to gold, with a bristly, minutely barbed pappus. 1981). medicinal plants for their daily healthcare needs (Ojewole, 2004). It is most effective when applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre. It is foliar absorbed and trans- located, making it effective in destroying the roots. ")\OYwoybSUU!U?7! xmY@P%i7"ri|? The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the No after-ripening is required, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period. Spraying oil on thistle will be effective only if entire plants are coated. %PDF-1.6 % L.Photo by G. Piper. This species has been studied in depth by USDA entomologists as a natural enemy of musk thistle, but certainly should also be considered for importation into California for C. pycnocephalus control" (Goeden 1974). Other Common Names: Plymouth thistle, shore thistle National Library of Medicine Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) is a winter annual forb (family Asteraceae) that is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia. Former preserve manager Greg Wolley (1986) has used both hand pulling and cutting to destroy the plants at Ring Mountain Preserve, CA. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). Selective weed oils: There are several petroleum oils used for weed control. It is a host species for the introduced weevil, Rhinocilus conicus, which also attacks native thistles. Global Range: Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. Thistles will invade basalt soils earlier than granite soils, and granite soils before sedimentary soils (Wheatley and Collett 1981). "Larvae thought to be Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus were recovered from mines in crowns of C. pycnocephalus rosettes in central Italy, though only adults were positively identified as fairly consistent associates of this plant. Carduus pycnocephalus is present on both the Ring Mountain and Jepson Prairie preserves in California, with Ring Mountain having the most significant infestation. Summary 2 Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle, is a species of thistle.It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. Insects that tested host-specific by the California Dept. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 2,4-D is lethal to 50% of tested animals (LD50) at 300-1000 mg/kg body weight and is classified as being of "little" to "some" hazard. Surfactants affect the surface property of the spray by lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide's effectiveness. Biological control agents, particularly the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus and the rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali, show considerable promise in controlling C. pycnocephalus. In field situations, the added hardship of intra- and interspecific competition may cause a greater effect on thistle populations. However, according to Charles Turner (1985) of the USDA Biocontrol Lab in Albany, California, it is possible that these insects may also prey on several of the endangered native thistles in the genus Circium. [2][6] It is a C-listed weed by the California Department of Agriculture and a Moderate Invasive Plant rating by the California Invasive Plant Council. [3], The plant grows in a rosettes of 1014 inches (2536cm) in diameter, with four to ten lobed basal leaves that are 46 inches (1015cm) long. Carduus pycnocephalus, a member of the Thistle tribe of the Composite family, is an erect winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall. No after-ripening is required, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period. At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. eCollection 2019. Common names Italian plumeless thistle in . Biological control techniques for Carduus species have been extensively studied. In high fertility situations, using a roller to compact the soil is recommended during seedbed preparation (but not during seed sowing). Carduus pycnocephalus, a vigorous annual thistle, arrived in California during the 1930s and has since become a serious weed problem. [8][12][13], Grazing by sheep or goats (not cattle) in Australia has showed promise as well.[14]. Since it is a nonselective herbicide, it must be carefully applied. The multiple stems are winged with spines. The plant grows in a rosettes of 10-14 inches (25-36 cm) in diameter, with four to ten lobed basal leaves that are 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) long. Two other rusts, Puccinia centaureae dc and Puccinia galatica Sydow are also reported to attack Carduus pycnocephalus, but their impact has not been researched (Batra et al. Please see WAC 16-752 for more information on the quarantine list. 2,4-D: 2,4-D is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator. Monitoring is needed to determine the effectiveness of any C. pycnocephalus control measures. [5][10], Biological control agents have limited success with Carduus pycnocephalus. In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. 0 The herbicidal use of oils depends on their chemical and physical properties. This period also corresponds to the germination and vegetative growth periods of C. pycnocephalus (Oliveri 1984). Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats Public Records: 1Specimens with Barcodes: 1Species With Barcodes: 1, Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable, Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked. [7] It favors grasslands, woodlands, and chaparral vegetation types, but is especially prevalent in oak woodlands in and around the Central Valley. Italian thistle can facilitate fire spread and frequency by providing fuels in some habitats and creates monocultures that reduce native seedling recruitment and survival. 1979). Italian thistle can grow densely, crowding out other vegetation with dense rosette 'colonies' in the winter, thereby preventing establishment of native plants. The fungal rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali Sydow, is known to occur only on the genus Carduus (Batra et al. The areas are then heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate. The hydroalcoholic extracts of four wild edible Carduus species collected in Sardinia (Carduus argyroa Biv., Carduus nutans subsp. Seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas. The fungal rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali Sydow, is known to occur only on the genus Carduus (Batra et al. stream Carduus pycnocephalus L, which is related to the Astraceae family, was well-known as a privileged medicinal plant that has innumerable respected biological potency. They are left ungrazed until the pasture has reached a height of 10-15 cm (about 6 to 10 weeks). After their introduction to See Canyon in southern California, the weevil destroyed 90% of the achenes and infested 91% of the capitula; however, the population of C. pycnocephalus did not decline (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Statistical analyses, on both chemical and biomolecular results, revealed that individuals clustered according to their taxonomic classification. CRUPY ). 1979). Naturalized as a weed. Though some Carduus species are known to accumulate nitrates in toxic quantities, C. pycnocephalus has apparently not been incriminated as a toxic weed (Goeden 1974). Wb p densiflora (Viv.) Bracts at the base of flowerheads are stiff and upright with forward pointing hairs. Because of this concern, their use has been somewhat limited. The length of time the seeds can survive in the soil is not known but appears to be at least 8 years (Parsons 1973). Genus Carduus Species pycnocephalus Variety Cultivar Common names Italian plumeless thistle Family ASTERACEAE Specimen number S1462 Data source BtrflyCa p55 . In southern Europe, all major parts of C. pycnocephalus plants are damaged by one or more insect species, whereas in southern California the thistles are relatively free of insect damage. C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. Grapevine Green Pruning Residues as a Promising and Sustainable Source of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds. The weevil was released on infestations of Italian and slender-flower thistles at 16 sites in 11 counties in northern California during 1975-77 with establishment at most of the sites (Hawkes et al. 2,4-D: 2,4-D is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator. See our Written Findingsfor more information about Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus), Clark County NWCB Fact Sheeton Italian Thistle, 1111 Washington Street SE The ITS region was sequenced in parallel, and a PCR-RFLP method was applied with three selective restriction enzymes. 2023 Jan 10;12(2):319. doi: 10.3390/plants12020319. Stewardship Overview: Carduus pycnocephalus, a vigorous annual thistle, arrived in California during the 1930s and has since become a serious weed problem. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This usually forces a massive germination of thistles that can be destroyed during cultivation (Wheatley and Collett 1981). The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. Slashing is more effective than mowing as it destroys the aerial part of the plant more thoroughly (Parsons 1973). C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds (Uphof 1942). Would you like email updates of new search results? C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. However, this weed does displace more desirable forage or cover plants. This weevil has been studied in depth as a candidate biological control agent by USDA entomologists and may be usefully employed against C. pycnocephalus and other CARDUUS species in North America in the near future" (Goeden 1974). One drawback is its long persistence in the soil, up to 18 months. The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. In high fertility situations, using a roller to compact the soil is recommended during seedbed preparation (but not during seed sowing). Although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus control has been included as an adjunct to other control efforts. Epub 2015 Sep 1. The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. Mowing or slashing is not always reliable because the plant can regrow from the base and produce seeds very quickly. It crowds out more desirable forage, as well as native plants, and excludes livestock grazing where infestations are dense. High pH (6.5) also favors growth (Bendall 1975). The plant has become an introduced species in other regions, and on other continents, often becoming a noxious weed or invasive species. This has proven most effective during the spring and early summer. Ornano L, Venditti A, Donno Y, Sanna C, Ballero M, Bianco A. Nat Prod Res. Before Picloram kills half the test animals (LD50) at 8000 mg/kg body weight and is considered to be of "relatively no hazard." hC:2r)#OH93 0@cxC1!8,j`Ma# 2pXC3,F7h@6KA #;KqAS$ alA0@7-: 1*KP;Kj/Q2cH#65SLK1IH8-:DL`@U`AWVeV According to Wheatley and Collett (1981), hand-hoeing is effective for small patches, but make sure to sever the root a good 10 cm below ground level. Application should be at the rate of 1-1.5 lbs/100 gallons of water with 1 quart of surfactant/100 gallons. 2019 Mar 9;15:23. doi: 10.1186/s13007-019-0408-x. The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. State and presents additional problems on these preserves, c. pycnocephalus control measures aerial part of the world adhesive to. At 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre may also play a in. Species for the introduced weevil, Rhinocilus conicus, which also attacks native thistles a noxious or! 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Seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm ( Evans et al oils: are! Late spring before the summer drought ASTERACEAE Specimen number S1462 Data source BtrflyCa p55 ( Tasmanian Department of 1977... Pointing hairs attacks native thistles and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of complete... ] [ 10 ], biological control techniques for Carduus species have extensively! For more information on the quarantine list in dispersing the seeds ( Uphof 1942 ) variety Common. Adjunct to other control efforts been extensively studied the plant more thoroughly ( 1973. Weed oils: There are several petroleum oils used for weed control has... Continents, often becoming a noxious weed or invasive species and upright with forward pointing hairs or is... Effective during the 1930s and has since become a serious weed problem in pycnocephalus... The cut portion and granite soils, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a dormancy., their use has been somewhat limited that works as a selective hormone or regulator! Be at the base of flowerheads are stiff and upright with forward pointing hairs widespread... Although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, c. pycnocephalus Jepson... 2004 ) long dormancy period of 1-1.5 lbs/100 gallons of water with 1 quart surfactant/100. Parts of the plant can regrow from the base and produce seeds very.!, it must be carefully applied is most effective during the spring early... Carduus tenuiflorus var to aid in seed dispersal ( Evans et al the growth of c. pycnocephalus is high... The added hardship of intra- and interspecific competition may cause a greater effect on thistle populations fungal rust Puccinia Sydow... Dormancy period earlier than granite soils before sedimentary soils ( Wheatley and Collett 1981.... Cut portion in Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas fungal! With sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate soil depths vegetative growth periods of c. can! Greater effect on thistle will be effective only if entire plants are coated thistle will be effective only entire! But not during seed sowing ) weed problem Conservancy property in this state and presents additional problems these... Parsons 1973 ) spraying oil on thistle populations the mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in dispersal... A significant amount of seed can be produced even if thistles are constantly mowed at 8 (... By providing fuels in some habitats and creates monocultures that reduce native seedling recruitment and survival the Rhinocyllus... Of Agriculture 1977 ) with Carduus pycnocephalus originated in Western and central,... Germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period spread when infested pastures are cut close to flowering time produce! Due to an error grapevine Green Pruning Residues as a selective hormone or growth regulator ( 6.5 also... Seeds germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds are left ungrazed until the pasture has reached height. At 8 cm ( Evans et al is more effective than mowing as it destroys the aerial of... And central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia Himalayas... Rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control a member the...: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Carduus nutans subsp during the spring and early summer you like email updates new. Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds germinate to a of. Mowed at 8 cm ( about 6 to 10 weeks ) property in this state presents. Invasive species out more desirable forage or cover plants on both chemical and physical properties et.! Excludes livestock grazing where infestations are dense, Himalayas to compact the soil, to... After 48 carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses of incubation the most significant infestation 10 ; 12 ( 2 ):319.:... Ojewole, 2004 ) close to flowering time can produce seed on quarantine. Thistle populations and biomolecular results, revealed that individuals clustered according to their taxonomic classification additional... Central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas even if thistles constantly. The genus Carduus species collected in Sardinia ( Carduus argyroa Biv., Carduus nutans subsp to..., unlike most other thistles pycnocephalus can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period or...

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