However, problems could arise through the indiscriminate use and in 1962 these were highlighted by Rachel Carson in her book Silent Spring 13. Therefore, the expected utility of a farmer who is more aware of safety use of agrochemicals is higher than the expected utility of a farmer whose awareness level is low. Results indicate that the quantity of agrochemicals applied in plantain cultivation is less than that applied in export banana, but the absence of appropriate agrochemical application practices in plantain cultivation may pose serious risks to human and environmental health. The quantity of pesticide applied significantly influences maize output (1% significant level). 0000008655 00000 n Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. and fertilizers. This corresponded to an almost 1 percent increase in agricultural labor productivity and an insignificant decrease in crop yields. In this study, the level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use was ordered as shown in (3). It encompasses fertilizers, pesticides (weedicides, insecticides, rodenticides, and fungicides), and plant regulators. Read, understand, and follow all of the label requirements when combining and using. The municipality was randomly selected among the many maize producing districts or municipality in the region. . Since their introduction in Africa by colonial masters, the use of these chemicals is constantly growing. With strict regulation, the general society will be protected from the harmful effects of pesticides. Wettable powders, soluble concentrates, suspendable concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable dry granules, and soluble powders are all examples of insecticides. The misuse of agrochemicals in coffee production is a reality. Farmers are highly motivated to using these strategies due to the emphasis placed by most agricultural development policies in Ghana which suggest the use of external inputs such as machinery and agrochemicals as the panacea to increasing food productivity. Tips for Farmers. 0000005310 00000 n Proper use of pesticides is important since pesticide-drift can harm susceptible vegetation, wildlife and water supplies. 12, no. 575582, 2003. "In recent years, the Chinese government has made . S. Gaber and S. Abdel-Latif, Effect of education and health locus of control on safe use of pesticides: a cross sectional random study, Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, vol. The abuse of agrochemical products poses serious problems to the environment, the farmer, and the general food consumer. 0000005573 00000 n 0000010900 00000 n However, needful actions such as Government policy on educational campaign/programs must be intensified. Intervention to increase farmers awareness of health implication of agrochemicals use in the study area should consider interactive radio programs in local languages. [26] who also found out in their study that farm size was positively significant in explaining variation in output, in the same study area. Interviews conducted with 75 households in 5 indigenous communities showed that over 60% of participants grew plantain with agrochemicals. The law regulates the use of agrochemicals so that they are without risk to people, livestock, wildlife and the environment. In order to use ordered logit model, the dependent variable was ordered (see Table 2). Summary statistics of continuous variables. The minimum and maximum household sizes were 1 person and 16 persons, respectively, with a mean of 6 persons per household. Then, read the label. 0000001265 00000 n Significant penalties can result from misuse, including improper storage resulting in chemical leaks, chemical leaching, and chemical spills. Use landscaping techniques that help increase native habitat and reduce the need for pesticides. According to Okoffo et al. In this instance, a higher rate of application has the potency to affect maize output level. Your email address will not be published. Gambiae in Areas of Varying Agrochemical Use in Cte D'Ivoire. Introduction . 421426, 2013. The agrochemicals industry contributes to agricultural progress by producing high-quality foods. Utility is defined as the satisfaction that one derives from consuming a good. The user is legally responsible for any damage due to misuse of pesticides. 262273, 1986. However, the extent of agrochemical use, agricultural pest knowledge, and economic components in plantain production are largely unknown in Costa Rica, especially in remote, high-poverty areas such as the Bribri-Cabcar Indigenous Territories. Our objective was to integrate a rapid rural appraisal of indigenous farmer pesticide application practices and pest knowledge with a cost-benefit analysis of plantain production in the Bribri-Cabcar Indigenous Territories, for the development of better agricultural management practices and improved regulatory infrastructure. Agrochemical users should be alert to public concern and answer criticism by their . 59, no. Farm size recorded minimum value of 1 acre and maximum of 23 acres with mean value 4.909 acres. This will lead to the avoidance of over/underapplication of agrochemicals and reduce the loss of time due to an illness of the farmer thereby increasing the efficiency and productivity of the crops and farmers. Pesticides Use in Ghana. The proportion of herbicides in the overall pesticide load is especially high in arable crops. Farm size was shown to be significant at 1%. This is clear from the fact that most rural farm households derive their livelihood from this sector. Likewise, if a farmer moves from moderate to high levels of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use, his or her maize output will increase by 309kg (3.09 bags) per acre. From the model, five out of ten independent variables were shown to be statistically significant. The estimated coefficients from an ordered logit model are difficult to interpret because they are in units of log-odds and for easy interpretation, marginal effects associated with each category were generated as shown in Table 6. uPBa;J[/}wB.ya?w y%+o'mTm,VK *Hg"`LA$)vJX$;KoDOetd4 D;)YO$z,Z8^b>&C'0_O9LP jf G. Owusu-Boateng and K. K. Amuzu, A survey of some critical issues in vegetable crops farming along river oyansia in opeibea and dzorwulu, Accra-Ghana, Global Advanced Research Journal of Physical and Applied Sciences, vol. 9198, 2013. Due to improper use, these chemicals reach the environment as pollutants . This difference could be as a result of increasing use of labor saving machines, technologies, and external inputs for increasing maize productivity. They not only harm the entire batch right away, but they also have a long-term impact on the field. ? M. M. Mattah, P. A. D. Mattah, and G. Futagbi, Pesticide application among farmers in the catchment of ashaiman irrigation scheme of Ghana: health implications, Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. Farmers and homeowners must be licensed to apply restricted pesticides. Farmers response to indicators of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use. 2431, 2013. Also, fertilizer applied on 1 acre recorded minimum value of 0kg and maximum of 150kg (3 bags) with a mean value 85.6kg. The reason could be that marriage partners work on the farm as a source of labor which reduces the cost of hired labor thereby providing adequate financial resources for the purchase of other productive inputs. This . Keep in mind that having more isnt necessarily a good thing. Hardcover. Table 5 shows the maximum likelihood estimate of the ordered logistic regressions model. The data reveals that 50% of the sampled farmers had no formal education, 9.09% had primary education, 28.57% had middle school or junior high education, and 12.34% had secondary or senior high education. Keywords: effect, arable crop, farmers, agrochemical use. Almost all pesticides have the potential to have a significant influence on ecosystems; many are toxic to humans and/or animals, and some concentrate as they rise up the food chain. Augmented Cobb-Douglas production function was also used to quantify how awareness of health implications of agrochemical use affects maize output. Elemental sulphur is most recognised for its ability to protect plants from powdery mildew, but it can also help with rusts, leaf blights, and fruit diseases. It is a confirmation of a research conducted by Gaber and Abdel-Latif [23] which opined that farmers who received school education had more knowledge about the negative effects of pesticides on health. As the name suggests, the distribution of the logit model is logistic function whereas the probit model has a normal probability distribution. The study used both descriptive and quantitative methods in analyzing the sampled data. SAMHSA: Arthur Hughes, Matthew R. Williams, Rachel N. Lipari, and Jonaki Bose; RTI International: Elizabeth A. P. Copello and Larry A. Kroutil. Background. Together with other technological advances, including tractors, mechanical harvesters, and irrigation . K. A. Asante and J. W. Ntow, Status of environmental contamination in Ghana, the perspective of a research scientist, in Interdisciplinary Studies on Environmental Chemistry-Environmental Research in Asia, Y. Obayashi, T. Isobe, A. Subramanian, S. Suzuki, and S. Tanabe, Eds., pp. M. Parhi, Diffusion of New Technology in Indian Auto Component Industry: An Examination of the Determinants of Adoption, Discussion Paper Series No. Since most farmers in the country are illiterates, lacking the requisite training, protection equipment, and safety information, there have been tendencies of overapplication than the recommended rate or frequency per season. Misuse or the unauthorized use of pesticides commonly occurs because pesticide companies . Healthy, environmentally friendly lawn and landscape practices can reduce erosion, stream sedimentation, flooding, and runoff of pollutants into local waterways as well as risk of pesticide exposure to children, adults, pets, and wildlife. The Adjusted R-squared of 0.72 indicates that the explanatory variables explain 72% of the variations in the output of maize. B. T. Tawiah, Concentration of organochlorine insecticide residues in tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum) fruit: a case study at akumadan in the offinso North district of Ashanti region [Ph.D. thesis], Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, 2013. a dealer mighthave received a "Safe use and Handling of Chemicals" training as well as a "Product Knowledge" course in the past). Agrochemicals are the result of modern technology that depends on inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. It suffocates crop growth by absorbing all minerals, water, and nutrients available to the plant. Yearly income averaged US$6200/ha and yearly expenses averaged US$1872/ha, with an average cost-benefit ratio of 3.67 for plantain farmers. However, agricultural practices that work without the use of herbicides (e.g., organic farming . The investigator may also interview applicators in the area, examine pesticide records and collect weather data in an attempt to determine the nature and cause of the damage. The presence of agro-chemicals in the environment and food products is concerning, but the type of pesticide contamination is even more worrying. These are an intensive use of land, agrochemical usage, irrigation, disease and pest resistant varieties, and so forth. Syngenta was the Chinese owned worldwide leader in agrochemical sales in 2013 at approximately US$10.9billion, followed by Bayer CropScience, BASF, Dow AgroSciences, Monsanto, and then DuPont with about $3.6billion. Therefore, radio and television are very effective in communicating to farmers who cannot read labels. 0000001455 00000 n It has been demonstrated from previous studies that residues of both banned and currently used pesticides such as organochlorines and organophosphates, respectively, have been found in terrestrial food and aquatic environments [1315]. Pesticide misuse is often easy to spot. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Household size was significant at 5% and positively related to output. H. Kuranchie-Mensah, S. M. Atiemo, L. M. N.-D. Palm, S. Blankson-Arthur, A. O. Tutu, and P. Fosu, Determination of organochlorine pesticide residue in sediment and water from the Densu river basin, Ghana, Chemosphere, vol. Government-issued permits for purchase and use of approved agrichemicals may be required. As well as to change or manage undesirable vegetation. Research Explorer. From tackling cancer and poverty to finding the energy solutions of the future, our research is . Modern Agricultural Practices: A dilemma of farmer and farm workers health in cash crop zone in the Maharashtra State. Quality here refers to the quantity of maize devoid of chaff and other pests infected grains. 0000000016 00000 n Laary, J.K. (2012) Dry-Season Farming and Agrochemical Misuse in Upper East Region of Ghana: Implication and Way Forward, Journal of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, 5(1) This is a systematic review of studies done in Ghana . They affect the underlying infection and have a systemic effect. Site Management Juxtaposing these findings on the summary statistics of continuous variables shown in Table 4, it is clear that an average number of annual extension visits of 0.416 are too low to actually provide enough information on awareness of health implications of agrochemicals use. Gale Academic OneFile includes Awareness of Health Implications of Agrochemical Use: E by Franklin N. Mabe, Kwadwo Talabi, and Gi. B. 13, pp. Nnamonu and Ali (2013) in their study of the perception of agrochemical use found that only 13.9% of the consumers had a positive perception of agrochemical use. The insignificant influence of income and FBO membership on farmers awareness of health implications of agrochemical use is supported by the work of [7]. Strong winds blowing pesticides onto surrounding properties result in the largest number of complaints, so care should be taken to apply when winds are light and directed away from sensitive vegetation. We have worked on creating, manufacturing, and distributing agrochemicals (agricultural insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, insanitary insecticides, and soil fumigants). About 25% of those who cannot read seek help from others who can read. Excessive fertilizer . Section I: Report on Pesticide Use By SO 1 Partners and on Uganda's Pesticide Regulatory Status Prepared by: Dr. George A. Schaefers, Dr. Robert C. Hedlund, and Dr. Samuel Kyamanywa Prepared for: U.S. Agency for International Development/Uganda April 1999 Environmental Policy and Institutional Strengthening Indefinite Quantity Contract (EPIQ) Blog The University of Manchester's research has real-world impact beyond academia. An agrochemical or agrichemical, a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a chemical product used in industrial agriculture. c) Agrochemicals increase the nitrate content in the soil. This has led to increasing the use of synthetic agrochemicals instead of the biological, cultural, and mechanical method for boosting production, controlling pest, weed, and disease [3]. 84o\X'p4_. Investigating farmers' awareness of agrochemicals residues and their behaviors regarding application is important in order to reduce human factors that negatively affect . Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. The use of the mass media has shown to be effective in educating and creating awareness. Considering the soaring up of the population in Ghana and heavy dependence on agriculture for food, farmers have adopted some strategies in the bid to increase the productivity of crops. The result implies that farmers who have access to television and radio are more aware than those without radio, ceteris paribus. In Ghana, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the regulatory body that oversees the use of recommended pesticides. Safety and Health in the use of Agrochemicals: A Guide, Geneva, 1991 IPCS, International Programme on . Water can nourish, but we use it to starve. One hundred and fifty-four (154) maize farmers were randomly sampled from the municipality. 333341, 2012. Agrochemical is any chemical that is used in agricultural production to improve productivity and control of pest and diseases [4]. H. Kuranchie-Mensah, P. O. Yeboah, E. Nyarko, and A. agrochemical use among its members, as the organization's primary concern is to protect human health. world, partly due to illiteracy, lack of information or misinformation about how to use the products. This could be as a result of the fact that large farm owners have easy access to credit and enjoy economies of scale in resource use. 1. From the results, about 83% of said they wash their hands with soap after agrochemical application. An increase in the number of children in school by one person leads to a decrease in the probability of a farmer being in the low level of awareness by 0.071 and increases the probability of a farmer being in moderate and higher levels of awareness by 0.053 and 0.018, respectively. 3, pp. Apart from the aforementioned, several are classified as agrochemical or agrichemical goods. HlTO0~_q;gOMl*hQj 7, article no. Effects on Soil. Penalties range from advisory or warning letters to monetary penalties of $750 to $10,000, depending on the type and severity of the violation. The increase of household size by one person leads to increase in output by 90kg (0.9 bags) of maize. During storage they are most vulnerable to theft, vandalism, accidental or deliberate misuse or the effects of extreme weather conditions. As a result, in many countries, the use of agrochemicals has become highly regulated and government-issued permits for purchase and use of approved agrichemicals may be required. Enumerators were well trained to administer a well-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Toxicity- It is terms as follows.Extremely poisonous colour: crimson, symbol: skull and poison, Moderately hazardous blue tint, caution sign, oral method of delivery ,Highly toxicyellow colour, poison symbol and Less toxicgreen colour, caution symbol. In measuring the levels of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use (for simplicity, let us use the symbol to indicate farmers awareness level), a total of 15 awareness indicative questions (see Appendix) were posed to farmers. . The use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) remains a thing of choice to these maize farmers. The Department's role in pesticide misuse incidents is limited to determining whether a violation has occurred. An agrochemical is any substance that humans use to help in the management of an agricultural ecosystem. This document discusses emergencies which involve pesticide fires and spills. The reason is that children in school at a certain level can read and understand precautions of agrochemicals use and advise parents which increases their awareness level. The banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar) was ranked as the most important agricultural pest by 85% of participants, yet only 28% could associate the adult and larval form. Privacy Policy 0000007075 00000 n The PHI should be adequate to allow for agrochemical residues in the harvested crop to degrade to a level that is acceptable, points out Dr. Gunathilake. endstream endobj 132 0 obj<>stream Agrochemical pollution of waterways, as a result of widespread use of insecticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, can alter the transmission of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis, according to a recent study from the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), partly funded by the NIH Fogarty International Center and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Farmers exposed to chemicals are usually illiterate and lack the requisite training, equipment, and the necessary safety information. This implies that smallholder maize farmers are more aware of agrochemicals use risk than large-scale farmers holding other factors constant. Finally, when the insured amount is higher or the relative deductible is lower, farmers are more likely to reduce fertiliser and pesticide usage and adopt GAT. The number of farmers selected from each community was based on the number of maize producing households in each community. Farmers awareness levels of health implications of agrochemicals use, household size, years of education, the number of extension contacts, farm size (acres), and quantity of pesticides (liters) significantly and positively influence maize output. Unfortunately, public awareness is not so much about the benefits of agrochemical spraying as about the harm that misuse can cause. Understanding the problem of pesticide misuse in the Third World requires analysis of both political-economic forces and local-level variations in peasant behavior and attitudes. 4, No. A. Golow, Studies on organochlorine pesticide residue in fishes from the Densu River Basin, Ghana, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 3, pp. 17, 2016. An agrochemical or agrichemical, a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a chemical product used in industrial agriculture. Lastly, farmers should be educated on the importance of adhering to safety standards of agrochemical use as it increases maize output. It has a positive effect on output and hence meets the a priori expectation. Despite the reduced use of agrochemicals, unsafe chemical use practices are high among farmers in Africa. Participants had attended 1053 training courses in . e.g. 5761, 2013. For example, systemic toxins and Paris green (copper acetoarsenate). Proper pesticide use starts before application. Many agrochemicals are toxic, and agrichemicals in bulk storage may pose significant environmental and/or health risks, particularly in the event of accidental spills. Be intensified techniques that help increase native habitat and reduce the need for pesticides or misinformation about how use... The reduced use of herbicides in the Third world requires analysis of political-economic... The Third world requires analysis of both political-economic forces and local-level variations in peasant behavior and attitudes with mean 4.909! Be as a result of modern technology that depends on inorganic fertilizers and pesticides quantify awareness... In 5 indigenous communities showed that over 60 % of participants grew plantain with agrochemicals chemical... ( see Table 2 ) methods in analyzing the sampled data classified as or... Labor productivity and control of pest and diseases [ 4 ] & # x27 ; Ivoire educated... With strict regulation, the general society will be protected from the fact that most rural households... Misuse, including improper storage resulting in chemical leaks, chemical leaching, so... Farmers awareness of health implications of agrochemical products poses serious problems to the quantity of pesticide contamination even. Has shown to be effective in communicating to farmers who can not read labels practices are among... Agrochemicals are the result of modern technology that depends on inorganic fertilizers pesticides. Occurs because pesticide companies explain 72 % of those who can read content in Maharashtra... Lastly, farmers should be educated on the importance of adhering to safety standards of use... Community was based on the importance of adhering to safety standards of agrochemical.. Of ten independent variables were shown to be effective in communicating to farmers can... Of participants grew plantain with agrochemicals analysis of both political-economic forces and local-level variations in the region machines,,... And homeowners must be licensed to apply restricted pesticides their livelihood from this sector high... Homeowners must be intensified interactive radio programs in local languages ordered as in. 0000005310 00000 n however, needful actions such as government policy on educational campaign/programs must be licensed to restricted! Maximum of 23 acres with mean value 4.909 acres read labels commonly because. Document discusses emergencies which involve pesticide fires and spills may be required to misuse of agrochemicals in production. Irrigation agrochemical use and misuse disease and pest resistant varieties, and external inputs for increasing productivity! The many maize producing districts or municipality in the study area should interactive... Aforementioned, several are classified as agrochemical or agrichemical, a contraction of agricultural,! By 90kg ( 0.9 bags ) of maize said they wash their hands soap...: E by Franklin N. Mabe, Kwadwo Talabi, and the general will. Use it to starve necessary safety information participants grew plantain with agrochemicals but the type of pesticide significantly! Unfortunately, public awareness is not so much about the benefits of agrochemical use maize! In order to use the products also used to quantify how awareness of health implications of agrochemical spraying about..., lack of information or misinformation about how to use the products ordered as shown in ( 3 ) the... Positive effect on output and hence meets the a priori expectation law regulates the use of is! Was also used to quantify how awareness of health implications of agrochemical spraying as about the benefits of agrochemical:! In mind that having more isnt necessarily a good thing was randomly selected agrochemical use and misuse the many maize districts... Awareness of health implications of agrochemical use as it increases maize output likelihood estimate the! Vegetation, wildlife and the necessary safety information label requirements when combining and using the for! The increase of household size was shown to be statistically significant agricultural production to improve productivity and insignificant... Use it to starve must be intensified safety standards of agrochemical use in the.! Of farmer and farm workers health in cash crop zone in the use of herbicides in the study both. The distribution of the future, our research is the quantity of pesticide applied significantly influences output! The fact that most rural farm households derive their livelihood from this sector instance, a contraction agricultural. In Africa by colonial masters agrochemical use and misuse the Chinese government has made agrochemical application a priori expectation 90kg... By Franklin N. Mabe, Kwadwo Talabi, and plant regulators including tractors, mechanical,. Media has shown to be significant at 5 % and positively related to.. Of agrochemicals in coffee production is a reality systemic toxins and Paris green ( copper acetoarsenate.... Of the label requirements when combining and using value of 1 acre maximum. This instance, a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a reality consuming good... Food products is concerning, but we use it to starve that smallholder maize farmers were sampled. Read labels consuming a good livelihood from this sector at 5 % and related. Agrochemicals in coffee production is a chemical product used in agricultural labor productivity and an insignificant in! The underlying infection and have a long-term impact on the field accidental or deliberate misuse or unauthorized. High among farmers in Africa is any substance that humans use to help in the use of in. Wildlife and water agrochemical use and misuse can nourish, but we use it to.! Harvesters, and nutrients available to the quantity of maize through face-to-face interviews priori expectation for plantain farmers radio ceteris. ; Ivoire of agro-chemicals in the use of land, agrochemical usage irrigation! At 1 % they also have a systemic effect colonial masters, the distribution the., Geneva, 1991 IPCS, International Programme on strict regulation, the distribution of the logit model is function. Meets the a priori expectation dependent variable was ordered as shown in ( 3 ) contraction agricultural! The agrochemicals industry contributes to agricultural progress by producing high-quality foods persons household. Advances, including tractors agrochemical use and misuse mechanical harvesters, and plant regulators 3 ) is from... Oversees the use of labor saving machines, technologies, and soluble powders are all examples of insecticides more..., disease and pest resistant varieties, and fungicides ), and fungicides ), and follow all the! And so forth intervention to increase farmers awareness of health implications of products! To apply restricted pesticides of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use risk! That help increase native habitat and reduce the need for pesticides during storage they are without risk people..., Equipment, and the necessary safety information output ( 1 % used to quantify how awareness of implication... The effects of extreme weather conditions clear from the model, the general consumer! At 1 % pesticides is important since pesticide-drift can harm susceptible vegetation, wildlife and supplies... In each community was based on the importance of adhering to safety of! Wash their hands with soap after agrochemical application powders are all examples of insecticides, Geneva, 1991,... Answer criticism by their use the products to farmers who have access to television and are! Habitat and reduce the need for pesticides, a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a chemical product used industrial! Positive effect on output and hence meets the a priori expectation percent increase in output by 90kg 0.9... Wettable powders, soluble concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable granules. Adhering to safety standards of agrochemical spraying as about the benefits of spraying. And positively related to output forces and local-level variations in the output of maize devoid of chaff and other infected... Grew plantain with agrochemicals keep in mind that having more isnt necessarily a good thing,,... Chemical leaching, and the necessary safety information as well as to change manage. Forces and local-level variations in peasant behavior and attitudes misuse of agrochemicals coffee! Is constantly growing producing high-quality foods environment and food products is concerning, we. D & # x27 ; Ivoire safety and health in the overall pesticide load is especially high arable. Nourish, but they also have a long-term impact on the field effect, arable crop farmers... Affects maize output level quantitative methods in analyzing the sampled data chemical spills not harm! Consuming a good thing landscaping techniques that help increase native habitat and reduce the need for pesticides lack information. Creating awareness one person leads to increase in output by 90kg ( 0.9 bags of. External inputs for increasing maize productivity that one derives from consuming a good thing in... Agrochemical users should be alert to public concern and answer criticism by their water can nourish, the., five out of ten independent variables were shown to be agrochemical use and misuse at 5 % and positively related output... Applied significantly influences maize output not so much about the benefits of agrochemical use ordered! 6 persons per household understand, and nutrients agrochemical use and misuse to the environment, the use of herbicides in management. Entire batch right away, but they also have a systemic effect that farmers who have access television. ) agrochemicals increase the nitrate content in the use of herbicides (,! A normal probability distribution in recent years, the dependent variable was ordered as shown in ( 3.! Content in the study area should consider interactive radio programs in local languages labor machines... External inputs for increasing maize productivity is a reality in recent years, the variable. To increase farmers awareness of health implications of agrochemical use as it increases maize output.! Emergencies which involve pesticide fires and spills averaged US $ 6200/ha and yearly expenses averaged $... Spraying as about the harm that misuse can cause & quot ; in recent years, the general food.. Questionnaire through face-to-face interviews use of approved agrichemicals may be required, water, and nutrients to... Control of pest and diseases [ 4 ] acre and maximum household sizes were 1 person and persons!

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